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Journal of Virology, August 2005, p. 10487-10497, Vol. 79, No. 16
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.16.10487-10497.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Phylogeography, Population Dynamics, and Molecular Evolution of European Bat Lyssaviruses

Patricia L. Davis,1 Edward C. Holmes,1* Florence Larrous,2 Wim H. M. Van der Poel,3 Kirsten Tjørnehøj,4 Wladimir J. Alonso,1 and Hervé Bourhy2

Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom,1 Laboratoire de la Rage, Institut Pasteur, 25-28, Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France,2 Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands,3 Department of Virology, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark4

Received 3 January 2005/ Accepted 9 May 2005

European bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (EBLV-1 and EBLV-2) are widespread in Europe, although little is known of their evolutionary history. We undertook a comprehensive sequence analysis to infer the selection pressures, rates of nucleotide substitution, age of genetic diversity, geographical origin, and population growth rates of EBLV-1. Our study encompassed data from 12 countries collected over a time span of 35 years and focused on the glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes. We show that although the two subtypes of EBLV-1—EBLV-1a and EBLV-1b—have both grown at a low exponential rate since their introduction into Europe, they have differing population structures and dispersal patterns. Furthermore, there were strong constraints against amino acid change in both EBLV-1 and EBLV-2, as reflected in a low ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site, particularly in EBLV-1b. Our inferred rate of nucleotide substitution in EBLV-1, approximately 5 x 10–5 substitutions per site per year, was also one of the lowest recorded for RNA viruses and implied that the current genetic diversity in the virus arose 500 to 750 years ago. We propose that the slow evolution of EBLVs reflects their distinctive epidemiology in bats, where they occupy a relatively stable fitness peak.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802. Phone: (814) 863-4689. Fax: (814) 865-9131. E-mail: ech15{at}psu.edu.

Journal of Virology, August 2005, p. 10487-10497, Vol. 79, No. 16
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.16.10487-10497.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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