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Journal of Virology, November 2004, p. 11823-11832, Vol. 78, No. 21
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.21.11823-11832.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Stable Ubiquitination of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Is Required for Proteasome Binding

Estelle Chiari,1 Isabelle Lamsoul,2 Julie Lodewick,2 Cécile Chopin,1 Françoise Bex,2 and Claudine Pique1*

CNRS UPR 9051, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France,1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium2

Received 26 April 2004/ Accepted 9 July 2004

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the retrovirus responsible for adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Adult T-cell leukemia development is mainly due to the ability of the viral oncoprotein Tax to promote T-cell proliferation, whereas the appearance of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy involves the antigenic properties of Tax. Understanding the events regulating the intracellular level of Tax is therefore an important issue. How Tax is degraded has not been determined, but it is known that Tax binds to proteasomes, the major sites for degradation of intracellular proteins, generally tagged through polyubiquitin conjugation. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Tax, ubiquitin, and proteasomes. We report that mono- and polyubiquitinated Tax proteins can be recovered from both transfected 293T cells and T lymphocytes. We also show that lysine residues located in the carboxy-terminal domain of Tax are the principal targets of this process. Remarkably, we further demonstrate that mutation of lysine residues in the C-terminal part of Tax, which massively reduces Tax ubiquitination, impairs proteasome binding, and conversely, that a Tax mutant that binds poorly to this particle (M22) is faintly ubiquitinated, suggesting that Tax ubiquitination is required for association with cellular proteasomes. Finally, we document that comparable amounts of ubiquitinated species were found whether proteasome activities were inhibited or not, providing evidence that they are not directly addressed to proteasomes for degradation. These findings indicate that although it is ubiquitinated and binds to proteasomes, Tax is not massively degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and therefore reveal that Tax conjugation to ubiquitin mediates a nonproteolytic function.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: CNRS UPR 9051, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France. Phone: 33 1 53 72 40 95. Fax: 33 1 53 72 40 90. E-mail: pique{at}chu-stlouis.fr.

Journal of Virology, November 2004, p. 11823-11832, Vol. 78, No. 21
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.21.11823-11832.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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