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Journal of Virology, September 2004, p. 9499-9511, Vol. 78, No. 17
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.17.9499-9511.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Global Host Immune Response: Pathogenesis and Transcriptional Profiling of Type A Influenza Viruses Expressing the Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Genes from the 1918 Pandemic Virus

John C. Kash,1* Christopher F. Basler,2 Adolfo García-Sastre,2 Victoria Carter,1 Rosalind Billharz,1 David E. Swayne,3 Ronald M. Przygodzki,4 Jeffery K. Taubenberger,4 Michael G. Katze,1,5 and Terrence M. Tumpey3,{dagger}

Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine,1 Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,5 Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York,2 Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia,3 Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cellular Pathology and Genetics, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.4

Received 10 November 2003/ Accepted 2 April 2004

To understand more fully the molecular events associated with highly virulent or attenuated influenza virus infections, we have studied the effects of expression of the 1918 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes during viral infection in mice under biosafety level 3 (agricultural) conditions. Using histopathology and cDNA microarrays, we examined the consequences of expression of the HA and NA genes of the 1918 pandemic virus in a recombinant influenza A/WSN/33 virus compared to parental A/WSN/33 virus and to an attenuated virus expressing the HA and NA genes from A/New Caledonia/20/99. The 1918 HA/NA:WSN and WSN recombinant viruses were highly lethal for mice and displayed severe lung pathology in comparison to the nonlethal New Caledonia HA/NA:WSN recombinant virus. Expression microarray analysis performed on lung tissues isolated from the infected animals showed activation of many genes involved in the inflammatory response, including cytokine, apoptosis, and lymphocyte genes that were common to all three infection groups. However, consistent with the histopathology studies, the WSN and 1918 HA/NA:WSN recombinant viruses showed increased up-regulation of genes associated with activated T cells and macrophages, as well as genes involved in apoptosis, tissue injury, and oxidative damage that were not observed in the New Caledonia HA/NA:WSN recombinant virus-infected mice. These studies document clear differences in gene expression profiles that were correlated with pulmonary disease pathology induced by virulent and attenuated influenza virus infections.


* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195-8070. Phone: (206) 732-6158. Fax: (206) 732-6055. E-mail: jkash{at}u.washington.edu.

{dagger} Present address: Influenza Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333.


Journal of Virology, September 2004, p. 9499-9511, Vol. 78, No. 17
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.17.9499-9511.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




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