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Journal of Virology, June 2004, p. 5745-5755, Vol. 78, No. 11
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.11.5745-5755.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Disruption of the Actin Cytoskeleton Can Complement the Ability of Nef To Enhance Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infectivity

Edward M. Campbell,1 Rafael Nunez,2 and Thomas J. Hope1*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology,1 Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606122

Received 28 October 2003/ Accepted 30 January 2004

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protein Nef has been shown to increase the infectivity of HIV at an early point during infection. Since Nef is known to interact with proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, we tested the possibility that Nef may enhance HIV infectivity via a mechanism that involves the actin cytoskeleton. We find that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton complements the Nef infectivity defect. The ability of disruption of the actin cytoskeleton to complement the Nef defect was specific to envelopes that fuse at the cell surface, including a variety of HIV envelopes and the murine leukemia virus amphotropic envelope. In contrast, the infectivity of HIV virions pseudotyped to enter cells via endocytosis, which is known to complement the HIV Nef infectivity defect and can naturally penetrate the cortical actin barrier, was not altered by actin cytoskeleton disruption. The results presented here suggest that Nef functions to allow the HIV genome to penetrate the cortical actin network, a known barrier for intracellular parasitic organisms.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612. Phone: (312) 413-3424. Fax: (312) 996-6415. E-mail: thope{at}uic.edu.

Journal of Virology, June 2004, p. 5745-5755, Vol. 78, No. 11
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.11.5745-5755.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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