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Journal of Virology, March 2003, p. 3148-3156, Vol. 77, No. 5
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.5.3148-3156.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Role of Quail in the Interspecies Transmission of H9 Influenza A Viruses: Molecular Changes on HA That Correspond to Adaptation from Ducks to Chickens

Daniel R. Perez,1* Wilina Lim,2 Jon P. Seiler,1 Guan Yi,3 Malik Peiris,3 Kennedy F. Shortridge,3 and Robert G. Webster1

Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794,1 Government Virus Unit, Department of Health,2 Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China3

Received 16 September 2002/ Accepted 29 November 2002

H9 influenza viruses have become endemic in land-based domestic poultry in Asia and have sporadically crossed to pigs and humans. To understand the molecular determinants of their adaptation to land-based birds, we tested the replication and transmission of several 1970s duck H9 viruses in chickens and quail. Quail were more susceptible than chickens to these viruses, and generation of recombinant H9 viruses by reverse genetics showed that changes in the HA gene are sufficient to initiate efficient replication and transmission in quail. Seven amino acid positions on the HA molecule corresponded to adaptation to land-based birds. In quail H9 viruses, the pattern of amino acids at these seven positions is intermediate between those of duck and chicken viruses; this fact may explain the susceptibility of quail to duck H9 viruses. Our findings suggest that quail provide an environment in which the adaptation of influenza viruses from ducks generates novel variants that can cross the species barrier.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale St., Memphis, TN 38105-2794. Phone: (901) 495-3014. Fax: (901) 523-2622. E-mail: Daniel.Perez{at}stjude.org.

Journal of Virology, March 2003, p. 3148-3156, Vol. 77, No. 5
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.5.3148-3156.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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