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Journal of Virology, December 2003, p. 13288-13300, Vol. 77, No. 24
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.24.13288-13300.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Dendritic Cells Harbor Infectious Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in the Absence of Apparent Cell Modulation or Replication of the Virus

I. E. Vincent,1* C. P. Carrasco,1 B. Herrmann,1 B. M. Meehan,2 G. M. Allan,3 A. Summerfield,1 and K. C. McCullough1

Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern CH-3147, Switzerland,1 Department of Veterinary Science, Queen's University Belfast,2 Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom3

Received 10 February 2003/ Accepted 28 August 2003

Dendritic cells (DCs) play crucial roles in innate and adaptive immune responses, rendering them critical targets for virus infections. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in piglets. We demonstrate here that 80 to 90% of monocyte-derived and bone marrow-derived DCs interact with PCV2 similar to the early stages of an infection. There was no evidence for virus replication, but the virus did persist in DCs without loss of infectivity nor the induction of cell death. This could reflect an abortive infection, but there was no evidence of virus uncoating—the infectivity remained intact for at least 5 days. Alternatively, the results may reflect DC endocytosis of antigenic material. However, there was no modulation of DC surface major histocompatibility complex class I and class II, CD80/86, CD25, CD16, or CD14. Furthermore, infected DC did not transmit virus to syngeneic T lymphocytes, even when the latter were activated. Such coculture did not induce PCV2 replication or death of the lymphocytes or DCs. These results demonstrate that PCV2 can persist in DCs in the absence of virus replication or degradation. Such a silent virus infection presents a novel mechanism of not only immune evasion but also escaping the DC degradation pathway. Because of their migratory capacity, infection of DCs thus provides a potent vehicle for transport of the virus throughout the host without the need for replication. In addition, the lymphopenia seen in PMWS is not a direct effect of the virus on lymphocytes but would require additional events, as proposed by others.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. Phone: 41(0)31-848-9387. Fax: 41(0)31-848-9222. E-mail: isabelle.vincent{at}ivi.admin.ch.

Journal of Virology, December 2003, p. 13288-13300, Vol. 77, No. 24
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.24.13288-13300.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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