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Journal of Virology, October 2003, p. 11158-11169, Vol. 77, No. 20
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.20.11158-11169.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Is Immunostimulatory In Vitro and In Vivo

Patric Lundberg,1 Paula Welander,1 Xiao Han,1 and Edouard Cantin1,2*

Department of Virology,1 Department of Neurology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California 910102

Received 29 August 2002/ Accepted 17 July 2003

Recently, prokaryotic DNAs containing unmethylated CpG motifs have been shown to be intrinsically immunostimulatory both in vitro and in vivo, tending to promote Th1-like responses. In contrast, CpG dinucleotides in mammalian DNAs are extensively methylated on cytosines and hence immunologically inert. Since the herpes simplex virus (HSV) genome is unmethylated and G+C rich, we predicted that CpG motifs would be highly prevalent in the HSV genome; hence, we examined the immunostimulatory potential of purified HSV DNA in vitro and in vivo. Mouse splenocyte cultures treated with HSV DNA or HSV-derived oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) showed strong proliferative responses and production of inflammatory cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-{gamma}], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) in vitro, whereas splenocytes treated with mammalian CV-1 DNA or non-CpG ODN did not. After immunization with ovalbumin (OVA), only splenocytes from mice immunized with HSV DNA or HSV-ODN as the adjuvants proliferated strongly and produced typical Th1 responses, including CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, upon restimulation with OVA. Furthermore, HSV-ODN synergized with IFN-{gamma} to induce nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, and TNF production from macrophages. These results demonstrate that HSV DNA and HSV-ODN are immunostimulatory, driving potent Th1 responses both in vitro and in vivo. Considering that HSV DNA has been found to persist in nonneuronal cells, these results fuel speculation that HSV DNA might play a role in pathogenesis, in particular, in diseases like herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) that involve chronic inflammatory responses in the absence of virus or viral antigens.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Department of Virology, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010. Phone: (626) 301-8480. Fax: (626) 301-8852. E-mail: ecantin{at}coh.org.

Journal of Virology, October 2003, p. 11158-11169, Vol. 77, No. 20
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.20.11158-11169.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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