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Journal of Virology, October 2003, p. 10423-10431, Vol. 77, No. 19
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.19.10423-10431.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Recombination in Circulating Enteroviruses

Alexander N. Lukashev,1,2* Vasilii A. Lashkevich,1 Olga E. Ivanova,1 Galina A. Koroleva,1 Ari E. Hinkkanen,2 and Jorma Ilonen3

Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides RAMS, Moscow, Russia,1 Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University,2 Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland3

Received 22 April 2003/ Accepted 2 July 2003

Recombination is a well-known phenomenon for enteroviruses. However, the actual extent of recombination in circulating nonpoliovirus enteroviruses is not known. We have analyzed the phylogenetic relationships in four genome regions, VP1, 2A, 3D, and the 5' nontranslated region (NTR), of 40 enterovirus B strains (coxsackie B viruses and echoviruses) representing 11 serotypes and isolated in 1981 to 2002 in the former Soviet Union states. In the VP1 region, strains of the same serotype expectedly grouped with their prototype strain. However, as early as the 2A region, phylogenetic grouping differed significantly from that in the VP1 region and indicated recombination within the 2A region. Moreover, in the 5' NTR and 3D region, only 1 strain of 40 grouped with its prototype strain. Instead, we observed a major group in both the 5' NTR and the 3D region that united most (in the 5' NTR) or all (in the 3D region) of the strains studied, regardless of the serotype. Subdivision within that major group in the 3D region correlated with the time of virus isolation but not with the serotype. Therefore, we conclude that a majority, if not all, circulating enterovirus B strains are recombinants relative to the prototype strains, isolated mostly in the 1950s. Moreover, the ubiquitous recombination has allowed different regions of the enterovirus genome to evolve independently. Thus, a novel model of enterovirus genetics is proposed: the enterovirus genome is a stable symbiosis of genes, and enterovirus species consist of a finite set of capsid genes responsible for different serotypes and a continuum of nonstructural protein genes that seem to evolve in a relatively independent manner.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, P.O. Box 66, 20521 Turku, Finland. Phone: 358-2-215-4141. Fax: 358-2-215-4745. E-mail: alexander_lukashev{at}hotmail.com.

Journal of Virology, October 2003, p. 10423-10431, Vol. 77, No. 19
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.19.10423-10431.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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