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Journal of Virology, July 2003, p. 8061-8071, Vol. 77, No. 14
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.14.8061-8071.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Multiple Interactions across the Surface of the gp120 Core Structure Determine the Global Neutralization Resistance Phenotype of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Peter Bouma,1 Maria Leavitt,1 Peng Fei Zhang,1 Igor A. Sidorov,2 Dimiter S. Dimitrov,2 and Gerald V. Quinnan Jr.1*

Division of Tropical Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,1 Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, National Cancer Institute—Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland2

Received 27 February 2003/ Accepted 22 April 2003

Resistance to neutralization is an important characteristic of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that relates to the potential for successful vaccination to prevent infection and use of immunotherapeutics for treatment of established infection. In order to further elucidate mechanisms responsible for neutralization resistance, we studied the molecular mechanisms that determine the resistance of the primary virus isolate of the strain HIV-1 MN to neutralization by soluble CD4 (sCD4). As is the case for the global neutralization resistance phenotype, sCD4 resistance depended upon sequences in the amino-terminal heptad repeat region of gp41 (HR1), as well as on multiple functional interactions within the envelope complex. The functional interactions that determined the resistance included interactions between the variable loop 1 and 2 (V1/V2) region and sequences in or near the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) and with the V3 loop. Additionally, the V3 loop region was found to interact functionally with sequences in the outer domain of gp120, distant from the CD4bs and coreceptor-binding site, as well as with a residue thought to be located centrally in the coreceptor-binding site. These and previous results provide the basis for a model by which functional signals that determine the neutralization resistance, high-infectivity phenotype depend upon interactions occurring across the surface of the gp120 core structure and involving variable loop structures and gp41. This model should be useful in efforts to define epitopes that may be important for primary virus neutralization.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: PMB/USUHS, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814. Phone: (301) 295-3734. Fax: (301) 295-1971. E-mail: gquinnan{at}usuhs.mil.

Journal of Virology, July 2003, p. 8061-8071, Vol. 77, No. 14
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.14.8061-8071.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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