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Journal of Virology, July 2003, p. 7978-7990, Vol. 77, No. 14
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.14.7978-7990.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) Infection of Human Fibroblast Cells Occurs through Endocytosis

Shaw M. Akula,1 Pramod P. Naranatt,1 Neelam-Sharma Walia,1 Fu-Zhang Wang,1 Barbara Fegley,2 and Bala Chandran1*

Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology,1 Electron-Microscopy Research Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 661602

Received 8 January 2003/ Accepted 28 April 2003

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) DNA and transcripts have been detected in the B cells, macrophages, keratinocytes, and endothelial and epithelial cells of KS patients. In vitro, HHV-8 infects human B, endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast cells, as well as animal cells, and the infection is characterized by (i) absence of lytic replication by the input virus and (ii) latent infection. For its initial binding to target cells, HHV-8 uses ubiquitous heparan sulfate molecules via its envelope-associated glycoproteins gB and gpK8.1A. HHV-8 also interacts with the {alpha}3ß1 integrin via its glycoprotein gB, and virus binding studies suggest that {alpha}3ß1 is one of the HHV-8 entry receptors (S. M. Akula, N. P. Pramod, F. Z. Wang, and B. Chandran, Cell 108:407-419, 2002). In this study, morphological and biochemical techniques were used to examine the entry of HHV-8 into human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). HHV-8 was detected in coated vesicles and in large, smooth-surfaced endocytic vesicles. Fusion of viral envelope with the vesicle wall was also observed. In immune electron microscopy, anti-HHV-8 gB antibodies colocalized with virus-containing endocytic vesicles. In fluorescence microscopic analyses, transferrin was colocalized with HHV-8. HHV-8 infection was significantly inhibited by preincubation of cells with chlorpromazine HCl, which blocks endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits, but not by nystatin and cholera toxin B, which blocks endocytosis via caveolae and induces the dissociation of lipid rafts, respectively. Infection was also inhibited by blocking the acidification of endosomes by NH4Cl and bafilomycin A. Inhibition of HHV-8 open reading frame 73 gene expression by chlorpromazine HCl, bafilomycin A, and NH4Cl demonstrated that the virions in the vesicles could proceed to cause an infection. Taken together, these findings suggest that for its infectious entry into HFF, HHV-8 uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis and a low-pH intracellular environment.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160. Phone: (913) 588-7043. Fax: (913) 588-7295. E-mail: bchandra{at}kumc.edu.

Journal of Virology, July 2003, p. 7978-7990, Vol. 77, No. 14
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.14.7978-7990.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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