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Journal of Virology, December 2002, p. 12634-12645, Vol. 76, No. 24
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.24.12634-12645.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Cytoplasmic Trafficking of Minute Virus of Mice: Low-pH Requirement, Routing to Late Endosomes, and Proteasome Interaction

Carlos Ros,1,2* Christoph J. Burckhardt,1,2 and Christoph Kempf1,2

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern,1 ZLB Bioplasma AG, 3000 Bern 22, Switzerland2

Received 18 June 2002/ Accepted 3 September 2002

The cytoplasmic trafficking of the prototype strain of minute virus of mice (MVMp) was investigated by analyzing and quantifying the effect of drugs that reduce or abolish specific cellular functions on the accumulation of viral macromolecules. With this strategy, it was found that a low endosomal pH is required for the infection, since bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, two pH-interfering drugs, were similarly active against MVMp. Disruption of the endosomal network by brefeldin A interfered with MVMp infection, indicating that viral particles are routed farther than the early endocytic compartment. Pulse experiments with endosome-interfering drugs showed that the bulk of MVMp particles remained in the endosomal compartment for several hours before its release to the cytosol. Drugs that block the activity of the proteasome by different mechanisms, such as MG132, lactacystin, and epoxomicin, all strongly blocked MVMp infection. Pulse experiments with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 indicated that MVMp interacts with cellular proteasomes after endosomal escape. The chymotrypsin-like but not the trypsin-like activity of the proteasome is required for the infection, since the chymotrypsin inhibitors N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone and aclarubicin were both effective in blocking MVMp infection. However, the trypsin inhibitor N{alpha}-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone had no effect. These results suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an essential role in the MVMp life cycle, probably assisting at the stages of capsid disassembly and/or nuclear translocation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Phone: 41 31 6314349. Fax: 41 31 6314887. E-mail: carlos.ros{at}ibc.unibe.ch.

Journal of Virology, December 2002, p. 12634-12645, Vol. 76, No. 24
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.24.12634-12645.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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