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Journal of Virology, November 2002, p. 11605-11611, Vol. 76, No. 22
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.22.11605-11611.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Lack of an Immune Response against the Tetracycline-Dependent Transactivator Correlates with Long-Term Doxycycline-Regulated Transgene Expression in Nonhuman Primates after Intramuscular Injection of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus

David Favre,1 Véronique Blouin,1 Nathalie Provost,1 Radec Spisek,2 Françoise Porrot,3 Delphine Bohl,4 Frederic Marmé,5 Yan Chérel,6 Anna Salvetti,1 Bruno Hurtrel,3 Jean-Michel Heard,4 Yves Rivière,3 and Philippe Moullier1*

INSERM ERM 0105,1 INSERM U419,2 Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologie, INRA UR 703, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Nantes,6 CNRS URA1930,3 Laboratoire Rétrovirus et Transfert Génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, and,4 ZMBH, Universitaet Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany5

Received 20 May 2002/ Accepted 5 August 2002

We previously documented persistent regulation of erythropoietin (Epo) secretion in mice after a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector harboring both the tetracycline-dependent transactivator (rtTA) and the Epo cDNA (D. Bohl, A. Salvetti, P. Moullier, and J. M. Heard, Blood 92:1512-1517, 1998). Using the same vector harboring the cynomolgus macaque Epo cDNA instead, the present study evaluated the ability of the tetracycline-regulatable (tetR) system to establish long-term transgene regulation in nonhuman primates. The vector was administered i.m., after which 5-day induction pulses were performed monthly for up to 13 months by using doxycycline (DOX), a tetracycline analog. We show that initial inductions were successful in all individuals and that there was a tight regulation and a rapid deinduction pattern upon DOX withdrawal. For one macaque, regulation of Epo secretion was maintained during the entire experimental period; for the five remaining macaques, secreted Epo became indistinguishable from endogenous Epo upon repeated DOX inductions. We investigated the mechanism involved and showed that, except in the animal in which secretion persisted, delayed humoral and cellular immune responses were directed against the rtTA transactivator protein associated with the reduction of vector DNA in transduced muscles. This study provides some evidence that, when the immune system is not mobilized against the rtTA transactivator, the tetR-regulatable system is able to support long-term transgene regulation in the context of an rAAV in nonhuman primates. In addition, our results suggest potential improvements for vector design.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratoire de Thérapie Génique, INSERM ERM 0105, BÂtiment Jean Monnet, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France. Phone: (33) 2 40 08 74 90. Fax: (33) 2 40 08 74 91. E-mail: moullier{at}sante.univ-nantes.fr.

Journal of Virology, November 2002, p. 11605-11611, Vol. 76, No. 22
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.22.11605-11611.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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