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Journal of Virology, July 2002, p. 7187-7202, Vol. 76, No. 14
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.14.7187-7202.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Immunization of Rhesus Macaques with a DNA Prime/Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Boost Regimen Induces Broad Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Specific T-Cell Responses and Reduces Initial Viral Replication but Does Not Prevent Disease Progression following Challenge with Pathogenic SIVmac239

Helen Horton,1 Thorsten U. Vogel,1 Donald K. Carter,1 Kathy Vielhuber,1 Deborah H. Fuller,1,2 Tim Shipley,2 James T. Fuller,2 Kevin J. Kunstman,3 Gerd Sutter,4 David C. Montefiori,5 Volker Erfle,4 Ronald C. Desrosiers,6 Nancy Wilson,1 Louis J. Picker,7 Steven M. Wolinsky,3 Chenxi Wang,8,9 David B. Allison,8,9 and David I. Watkins1,10*

Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center,1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715,10 PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin 53711,2 Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008,3 GSF-Institute for Molecular Virology, D-81675 Munich, Germany,4 Center for AIDS Research, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710,5 New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102,6 Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006,7 Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics,8 Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 352949

Received 8 January 2002/ Accepted 9 April 2002

Producing a prophylactic vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has proven to be a challenge. Most biological isolates of HIV are difficult to neutralize, so that conventional subunit-based antibody-inducing vaccines are unlikely to be very effective. In the rhesus macaque model, some protection was afforded by DNA/recombinant viral vector vaccines. However, these studies used as the challenge virus SHIV-89.6P, which is neutralizable, making it difficult to determine whether the observed protection was due to cellular immunity, humoral immunity, or a combination of both. In this study, we used a DNA prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara boost regimen to immunize rhesus macaques against nearly all simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) proteins. These animals were challenged intrarectally with pathogenic molecularly cloned SIVmac239, which is resistant to neutralization. The immunization regimen resulted in the induction of virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ responses in all vaccinees. Although anamnestic neutralizing antibody responses against laboratory-adapted SIVmac251 developed after the challenge, no neutralizing antibodies against SIVmac239 were detectable. Vaccinated animals had significantly reduced peak viremia compared with controls (P < 0.01). However, despite the induction of virus-specific cellular immune responses and reduced peak viral loads, most animals still suffered from gradual CD4 depletion and progressed to disease.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, 1220 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI 53715. Phone: (608) 265-3380. Fax: (608) 265-8084. E-mail: watkins{at}primate.wisc.edu.

Journal of Virology, July 2002, p. 7187-7202, Vol. 76, No. 14
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.14.7187-7202.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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