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Journal of Virology, May 2001, p. 4117-4128, Vol. 75, No. 9
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.9.4117-4128.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Entry Is Inhibited by the Cobalt Chelate Complex CTC-96

Jennifer A. Schwartz,1 Erik K. Lium,1 and Saul J. Silverstein1,2,*

Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biophysical Studies1 and Department of Microbiology,2 College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032

Received 4 October 2000/Accepted 30 January 2001

The CTC series of cobalt chelates display in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The experiments described here identify the stage in the virus life cycle where CTC-96 acts and demonstrate that the drug inhibits infection of susceptible cells. CTC-96 at 50 µg/ml has no effect on adsorption of virions to Vero cell monolayers. Penetration assays reveal that CTC-96 inhibits entry of the virus independent of gC and cellular entry receptors. This observation was supported by the failure to detect the accumulation of virus-specified proteins and alpha  mRNA transcripts when CTC-96 is present at the onset of infection. Moreover, virion-associated alpha TIF does not accumulate in the nucleus of cells infected in the presence of CTC-96. CTC-96 targets the initial fusion event between the virus and the cell and also inhibits cell-to-cell spread and syncytium formation. Furthermore, CTC-96 inhibits plaque formation by varicella-zoster virus and vesicular stomatitis virus as efficiently as by HSV-1. Collectively, these experiments suggest that CTC-96 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of infection by enveloped viruses and that it inhibits HSV-1 infection at the point of membrane fusion independent of the type of virus and cellular receptors present.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032. Phone: (212) 305-8149. Fax: (212) 305-5106. E-mail: sjs6{at}columbia.edu.

Journal of Virology, May 2001, p. 4117-4128, Vol. 75, No. 9
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.9.4117-4128.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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