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Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2665-2674, Vol. 75, No. 6
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.6.2665-2674.2001

Increased Expression of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta mRNAs in the Brain Correlates Spatially and Temporally with the Spongiform Neurodegeneration Induced by a Murine Oncornavirus

Srdjan Askovic,dagger Cynthia Favara, Frank J. McAtee, and John L. Portis*

Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840

Received 26 July 2000/Accepted 19 December 2000

The chimeric murine oncornavirus FrCasE causes a rapidly progressive paralytic disease associated with spongiform neurodegeneration throughout the neuroaxis. Neurovirulence is determined by the sequence of the viral envelope gene and by the capacity of the virus to infect microglia. The neurocytopathic effect of this virus appears to be indirect, since the cells which degenerate are not infected. In the present study we have examined the possible role of inflammatory responses in this disease and have used as a control the virus F43. F43 is an highly neuroinvasive but avirulent virus which differs from FrCasE only in 3' pol and env sequences. Like FrCasE, F43 infects large numbers of microglial cells, but it does not induce spongiform neurodegeneration. RNAase protection assays were used to detect differential expression of genes encoding a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory cell-specific markers. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha ) and TNF-beta mRNAs were upregulated in advanced stages of disease but not early, even in regions with prominent spongiosis. Surprisingly there was no evidence for upregulation of the cytokines interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha ), IL-1beta , and IL-6 or of the microglial marker F4/80 at any stage of this disease. In contrast, increased levels of the beta -chemokines MIP-1alpha and -beta were seen early in the disease and were concentrated in regions of the brain rich in spongiosis, and the magnitude of responses was similar to that observed in the brains of mice injected with the glutamatergic neurotoxin ibotenic acid. MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta mRNAs were also upregulated in F43-inoculated mice, but the responses were three- to fivefold lower and occurred later in the course of infection than was observed in FrCasE-inoculated mice. These results suggest that the robust increase in expression of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta in the brain represents a correlate of neurovirulence in this disease, whereas the TNF responses are likely secondary events.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Rocky Mountain Labs., 903 South 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840. Phone: (406) 363-9339. Fax: (406) 363-9286. E-mail: jportis{at}nih.gov.

dagger Present address: Dept. of Virology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111.

Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2665-2674, Vol. 75, No. 6
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.6.2665-2674.2001


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