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Journal of Virology, November 2001, p. 10208-10218, Vol. 75, No. 21
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10208-10218.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Hemagglutinin 1-Specific Immunoglobulin G and Fab Molecules Mediate Postattachment Neutralization of Influenza A Virus by Inhibition of an Early Fusion Event

M. J. Edwardsdagger and N. J. Dimmock*

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

Received 2 May 2001/Accepted 19 July 2001

In standard neutralization (STAN), virus and antibody are reacted together before inoculation of target cells, and inhibition of almost any of the processes concerned in the early interaction of virus and cell, including inhibition of virus attachment to cell receptors, can be the cause of neutralization by a particular monoclonal antibody (MAb). To simplify the interpretation of antibody action, we carried out a study of postattachment neutralization (PAN), where virus is allowed to attach to target cells before neutralizing antibody is introduced. We used influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules and their Fabs specific to antigenic sites Sb (tip), Ca2 (loop), and Cb (hinge) of the hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) protein. All IgGs and Fabs gave PAN, although with reduced efficiency compared with STAN. Thus, bivalent binding of antibody was not essential for PAN. By definition, none of these MAbs gave PAN by inhibiting virus attachment, and they did not elute attached virus from the target cell or inhibit endocytosis of virus. However, virus-cell fusion, as demonstrated by R18 fluorescence dequenching or hemolysis of red blood cells, was inhibited in direct proportion to neutralization and in a dose-dependent manner and was thus likely to be responsible for the observed neutralization. However, to get PAN, it was necessary to inhibit the activation of the prefusion intermediate, the earliest known form on the fusion pathway that is created when virus is incubated at pH 5 and 4°C. PAN antibodies may act by binding HA trimers in contact with the cell and/or trimers in the immediate vicinity of the virus-cell contact point and so inhibit the recruitment of additional receptor-HA complexes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0) 2476 523593. Fax: 44 (0) 2476 523568. E-mail: ndimmock{at}bio.warwick.ac.uk.

dagger Present address: The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton RG20 7NN, United Kingdom.

Journal of Virology, November 2001, p. 10208-10218, Vol. 75, No. 21
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10208-10218.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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