This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Guo, M.
Right arrow Articles by Saif, L. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Guo, M.
Right arrow Articles by Saif, L. J.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Virology, October 2001, p. 9239-9251, Vol. 75, No. 19
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.19.9239-9251.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Comparative Pathogenesis of Tissue Culture-Adapted and Wild-Type Cowden Porcine Enteric Calicivirus (PEC) in Gnotobiotic Pigs and Induction of Diarrhea by Intravenous Inoculation of Wild-Type PEC

M. Guo,1 J. Hayes,2 K. O. Cho,1 A. V. Parwani,1 L. M. Lucas,1 and L. J. Saif1,*

Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691,1 and Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio 430682

Received 30 January 2001/Accepted 22 June 2001

Porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC/Cowden) causes diarrhea in pigs, grows in cell culture, and is morphologically and genetically similar to the Sapporo-like human caliciviruses. Genetic analysis revealed that the tissue culture-adapted (TC) Cowden PEC has one distant and three clustered amino acid substitutions in the capsid region and 2 amino acid changes in the RNA polymerase region compared to wild-type (WT) PEC (M. Guo, K.-O. Chang, M. E. Hardy, Q. Zhang, A. V. Parwani, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 73:9625-9631, 1999). In this study, the TC PEC, passaged in a porcine kidney cell line, and the WT PEC, passaged in gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs, were used to orally inoculate 13 4- to 6-day-old Gn pigs. No diarrhea developed in the TC-PEC-exposed pigs, whereas moderate diarrhea developed in the WT-PEC orally inoculated pigs, persisting for 2 to 5 days. Fecal virus shedding persisting for at least 7 days was detected by both reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and antigen-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (antigen-ELISA) in both TC-PEC and WT-PEC orally inoculated pigs but not in mock-inoculated pigs. The PEC particles were detected by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) in intestinal contents from all the WT-PEC-inoculated pigs, but not from the TC-PEC-inoculated pigs. Mild (duodenum and jejunum) or no (ileum) villous atrophy was observed in histologic sections of the small intestines of TC-PEC-inoculated pigs, whereas WT PEC caused mild to severe (duodenum and jejunum) villous atrophy and fusion. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed mild shortening and blunting of villi in the duodenum and jejunum of the TC-PEC-inoculated pigs, in contrast to moderate to severe villous shortening and blunting in the duodenum and jejunum of WT-PEC-inoculated pigs. Higher numbers of PEC antigen-positive villous enterocytes were detected by immunofluorescent (IF) staining in the proximal small intestine of the WT-PEC-inoculated pigs, in contrast to low numbers of PEC antigen-positive enterocytes in only one of four TC-PEC-inoculated pigs. No PEC antigen-positive cells were observed in the colon or extraintestinal tissues of all inoculated pigs or in the small intestine of one mock-inoculated pig. Thus, the TC PEC was at least partially attenuated (no diarrhea, mild lesions) after serial passage in cell culture. In further experiments, three 4- to 6-day-old Gn pigs were intravenously (i.v.) inoculated with WT PEC, and all pigs developed diarrhea and villous atrophy in the small intestines resembling that observed in the orally inoculated pigs. Fecal viral shedding persisting for 8 days was detected by both RT-PCR and antigen-ELISA, and PEC was detected by IEM in feces or intestinal contents. The PEC RNA and antigens (at low titers) were detected in acute-phase sera from all the WT-PEC i.v.-inoculated pigs and also from seven of nine of the WT-PEC orally inoculated pigs. Oral or i.v. inoculation of four additional pigs with the PEC-positive acute-phase sera induced diarrhea, small intestinal lesions, PEC shedding in feces, and seroconversion to PEC, confirming the occurrence of viremia during PEC infection, with infectious PEC present in acute-phase sera. No diarrhea, histopathologic changes, or IF staining in the small intestine or fecal or serum detection of PEC was evident in two pigs i.v. mock-inoculated or a pig inoculated i.v. with inactivated WT PEC. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an attenuated enteric calicivirus, the induction of diarrhea, and intestinal lesions in Gn pigs caused by i.v. inoculation of WT PEC and the presence of viremia following PEC infection.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691. Phone: (330) 263-3744. Fax: (330) 263-3677. E-mail: saif.2{at}osu.edu.

Journal of Virology, October 2001, p. 9239-9251, Vol. 75, No. 19
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.19.9239-9251.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Zhang, W., Shen, Q., Hua, X., Cui, L., Liu, J., Yang, S. (2008). The First Chinese Porcine Sapovirus Strain That Contributed to an Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in Piglets. J. Virol. 82: 8239-8240 [Full Text]  
  • Bailey, D., Thackray, L. B., Goodfellow, I. G. (2008). A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Murine Norovirus Capsid Protein Is Sufficient for Attenuation In Vivo. J. Virol. 82: 7725-7728 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Martella, V., Lorusso, E., Banyai, K., Decaro, N., Corrente, M., Elia, G., Cavalli, A., Radogna, A., Costantini, V., Saif, L. J., Lavazza, A., Di Trani, L., Buonavoglia, C. (2008). Identification of a Porcine Calicivirus Related Genetically to Human Sapoviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 1907-1913 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Costantini, V. P., Azevedo, A. C., Li, X., Williams, M. C., Michel, F. C. Jr., Saif, L. J. (2007). Effects of Different Animal Waste Treatment Technologies on Detection and Viability of Porcine Enteric Viruses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 5284-5291 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Oka, T., Yamamoto, M., Katayama, K., Hansman, G. S., Ogawa, S., Miyamura, T., Takeda, N. (2006). Identification of the cleavage sites of sapovirus open reading frame 1 polyprotein.. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 3329-3338 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cheetham, S., Souza, M., Meulia, T., Grimes, S., Han, M. G., Saif, L. J. (2006). Pathogenesis of a Genogroup II Human Norovirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs.. J. Virol. 80: 10372-10381 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, Q.-H., Souza, M., Funk, J. A., Zhang, W., Saif, L. J. (2006). Prevalence of Noroviruses and Sapoviruses in Swine of Various Ages Determined by Reverse Transcription-PCR and Microwell Hybridization Assays.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 2057-2062 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wobus, C. E., Thackray, L. B., Virgin, H. W. IV (2006). Murine norovirus: a model system to study norovirus biology and pathogenesis.. J. Virol. 80: 5104-5112 [Full Text]  
  • Costantini, V., Loisy, F., Joens, L., Le Guyader, F. S., Saif, L. J. (2006). Human and animal enteric caliciviruses in oysters from different coastal regions of the United States.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 1800-1809 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, Q.-H., Han, M. G., Funk, J. A., Bowman, G., Janies, D. A., Saif, L. J. (2005). Genetic Diversity and Recombination of Porcine Sapoviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 5963-5972 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Azevedo, M. S., Yuan, L., Jeong, K.-I., Gonzalez, A., Nguyen, T. V., Pouly, S., Gochnauer, M., Zhang, W., Azevedo, A., Saif, L. J. (2005). Viremia and Nasal and Rectal Shedding of Rotavirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs Inoculated with Wa Human Rotavirus. J. Virol. 79: 5428-5436 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chang, K.-O., Sosnovtsev, S. S., Belliot, G., Wang, Q., Saif, L. J., Green, K. Y. (2005). Reverse Genetics System for Porcine Enteric Calicivirus, a Prototype Sapovirus in the Caliciviridae. J. Virol. 79: 1409-1416 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chen, R., Neill, J. D., Noel, J. S., Hutson, A. M., Glass, R. I., Estes, M. K., Prasad, B. V. V. (2004). Inter- and Intragenus Structural Variations in Caliciviruses and Their Functional Implications. J. Virol. 78: 6469-6479 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chang, K.-O., Sosnovtsev, S. V., Belliot, G., Kim, Y., Saif, L. J., Green, K. Y. (2004). Bile acids are essential for porcine enteric calicivirus replication in association with down-regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 8733-8738 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hutson, A. M., Atmar, R. L., Marcus, D. M., Estes, M. K. (2002). Norwalk Virus-Like Particle Hemagglutination by Binding to H Histo-Blood Group Antigens. J. Virol. 77: 405-415 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Smiley, J. R., Chang, K. O., Hayes, J., Vinje, J., Saif, L. J. (2002). Characterization of an Enteropathogenic Bovine Calicivirus Representing a Potentially New Calicivirus Genus. J. Virol. 76: 10089-10098 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»