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Journal of Virology, September 2001, p. 8660-8673, Vol. 75, No. 18
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8660-8673.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Activation of NF-
B by the Human Herpesvirus 8 Chemokine Receptor ORF74: Evidence for a Paracrine Model of
Kaposi's Sarcoma Pathogenesis
Shibani
Pati,1,2
Marielle
Cavrois,1
Hong-Guang
Guo,1
James S.
Foulke Jr.,1
Jynho
Kim,2
Ricardo A.
Feldman,2 and
Marvin
Reitz1,2,*
Institute of Human Virology, University of
Maryland Biotechnology Institute,1 and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Maryland,2 Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Received 11 January 2001/Accepted 1 June 2001
Infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's
sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus, is necessary for the development
of KS. The HHV-8 lytic-phase gene ORF74 is related to G protein-coupled
receptors, particularly interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptors. ORF74 activates
the inositol phosphate/phospholipase C pathway and the
downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases, JNK/SAPK and p38. We show
here that ORF74 also activates NF-
B independent of ligand when
expressed in KS-derived HHV-8-negative endothelial cells or primary
vascular endothelial cells. NF-
B activation was enhanced by the
chemokine GRO
, but not by IL-8. Mutation of Val to Asp in the ORF74
second cytoplasmic loop did not affect ligand-independent signaling
activity, but it greatly increased the response to GRO
. ORF74
upregulated the expression of NF-
B-dependent inflammatory cytokines
(RANTES, IL-6, IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
factor) and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin).
Supernatants from transfected KS cells activated NF-
B signaling in
untransfected cells and elicited the chemotaxis of monocytoid and
T-lymphoid cells. Expression of ORF74 conferred on primary endothelial
cells a morphology that was strikingly similar to that of spindle cells present in KS lesions. Taken together, these data, demonstrating that
ORF74 activates NF-
B and induces the expression of proangiogenic and
proinflammatory factors, suggest that expression of ORF74 in a minority
of cells in KS lesions could influence uninfected cells or latently
infected cells via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, thereby
contributing to KS pathogenesis.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of
Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201. Phone: (410) 708-4679. Fax: (410) 706-4694. E-mail: reitz{at}umbi.umd.edu.
Journal of Virology, September 2001, p. 8660-8673, Vol. 75, No. 18
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8660-8673.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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