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Journal of Virology, September 2001, p. 8524-8537, Vol. 75, No. 18
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8524-8537.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transcription in T Cells Revisited: NF-kappa B p65 Stimulates Transcriptional Elongation

Michelle J. West, Anthony D. Lowe, and Jonathan Karn*

Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom

Received 24 April 2001/Accepted 18 June 2001

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is able to establish a persistent latent infection during which the integrated provirus remains transcriptionally silent. Viral transcription is stimulated by NF-kappa B, which is activated following the exposure of infected T cells to antigens or mitogens. Although it is commonly assumed that NF-kappa B stimulates transcriptional initiation alone, we have found using RNase protection assays that, in addition to stimulating initiation, it can also stimulate elongation from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. When either Jurkat or CCRF/CEM cells were activated by the mitogens phorbol myristate acetate and phytohemagglutinin, elongation, as measured by the proportion of full-length transcripts, increased two- to fourfold, even in the absence of Tat. Transfection of T cells with plasmids carrying the different subunits of NF-kappa B demonstrated that the activation of transcriptional elongation is mediated specifically by the p65 subunit. It seems likely that initiation is activated because of NF-kappa B's ability to disrupt chromatin structures through the recruitment of histone acetyltransferases. To test whether p65 could stimulate elongation under conditions where it did not affect histone acetylation, cells were treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Remarkably, addition of p65 to the trichostatin A-treated cell lines resulted in a dramatic increase in transcription elongation, reaching levels equivalent to those observed in the presence of Tat. We suggest that the activation of elongation by NF-kappa B p65 involves a distinct biochemical mechanism, probably the activation of carboxyl-terminal domain kinases at the promoter.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Rd., Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom. Phone: (44) 1223-402376. Fax: (44) 1223-412282. E-mail: karn{at}mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk.

Journal of Virology, September 2001, p. 8524-8537, Vol. 75, No. 18
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8524-8537.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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