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Journal of Virology, April 2000, p. 3892-3898, Vol. 74, No. 8
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Patterns of Genomic Sequence Diversity among Their Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses Suggest that L'Hoest Monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti) Are a Natural Lentivirus Reservoir

Brigitte E. Beer,1 Elizabeth Bailes,2 George Dapolito,1 Barbara J. Campbell,1 Robert M. Goeken,1 Michael K. Axthelm,3 Philip D. Markham,4 Jacky Bernard,5 Daniel Zagury,6 Genoveffa Franchini,7 Paul M. Sharp,2 and Vanessa M. Hirsch1,*

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 208521; Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom2; Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon 970063; Advanced BioScience Laboratories Inc., Kensington, Maryland 208954; Institut Jean Godinot, 51100 Reims,5 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris,6 France; and Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 208927

Received 9 November 1999/Accepted 25 January 2000

Recently, we described a novel simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVlhoest) from a wild-caught L'Hoest monkey (Cercopithecus lhoesti) from a North American zoo. To investigate whether L'Hoest monkeys are the natural host for these viruses, we have screened blood samples from 14 wild animals from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Eight (57%) were found to be seropositive for SIV. Nearly full-length genome sequences were obtained for SIV isolates from three of these monkeys and compared to the original isolate and to other SIVs. The four samples of SIVlhoest formed a distinct cluster in phylogenetic trees. Two of these isolates differed on average at only about 5% of nucleotides, suggesting that they were epidemiologically linked; otherwise, the SIVlhoest isolates differed on average by 18%. Both the level of diversity and the pattern of its variation along the genome were very similar to those seen among isolates of SIVagm from vervet monkeys, pointing to similarities in the nature of, and constraints on, SIV evolution in these two species. Discordant phylogenetic relationships among the SIVlhoest isolates for different genomic regions indicated that mosaic viruses have been generated by recombination, implying that individual monkeys have been coinfected by more than one strain of SIV. Taken together, these observations provide strong evidence that L'Hoest monkeys constitute a natural reservoir for SIV.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852. Phone: (301) 496-2976. Fax: (301) 480-2618. E-mail: vhirsch{at}niaid.nih.gov.

Journal of Virology, April 2000, p. 3892-3898, Vol. 74, No. 8
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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