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Journal of Virology, February 2000, p. 1132-1139, Vol. 74, No. 3
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Species-Specific TT Viruses and Cross-Species Infection in Nonhuman Primates

Hiroaki Okamoto,1 Masako Fukuda,2 Akio Tawara,3 Tsutomu Nishizawa,1 Yukio Itoh,2 Ikuo Hayasaka,4 Fumio Tsuda,5 Takeshi Tanaka,6 Yuzo Miyakawa,7 and Makoto Mayumi1,*

Immunology Division and Division of Molecular Virology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498,1 Institute of Immunology, Tokyo 112-0004,2 First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi-Ken 409-3898,3 Kumamoto Primates Park, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Kumamoto-Ken 869-3201,4 Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo 140-8522,5 Japanese Red Cross Saitama Blood Center, Saitama-Ken 338-0001,6 and Miyakawa Memorial Research Foundation, Tokyo 107-0062,7 Japan

Received 1 October 1999/Accepted 19 October 1999

Viruses resembling human TT virus (TTV) were searched for in sera from nonhuman primates by PCR with primers deduced from well-conserved areas in the untranslated region. TTV DNA was detected in 102 (98%) of 104 chimpanzees, 9 (90%) of 10 Japanese macaques, 4 (100%) of 4 red-bellied tamarins, 5 (83%) of 6 cotton-top tamarins, and 5 (100%) of 5 douroucoulis tested. Analysis of the amplification products of 90 to 106 nucleotides revealed TTV DNA sequences specific for each species, with a decreasing similarity to human TTV in the order of chimpanzee, Japanese macaque, and tamarin/douroucouli TTVs. Full-length viral sequences were amplified by PCR with inverted nested primers deduced from the untranslated region of TTV DNA from each species. All animal TTVs were found to be circular with a genomic length at 3.5 to 3.8 kb, which was comparable to or slightly shorter than human TTV. Sequences closely similar to human TTV were determined by PCR with primers deduced from a coding region (N22 region) and were detected in 49 (47%) of the 104 chimpanzees; they were not found in any animals of the other species. Sequence analysis of the N22 region (222 to 225 nucleotides) of chimpanzee TTV DNAs disclosed four genetic groups that differed by 36.1 to 50.2% from one another; they were 35.0 to 52.8% divergent from any of the 16 genotypes of human TTV. Of the 104 chimpanzees, only 1 was viremic with human TTV of genotype 1a. It was among the 53 chimpanzees which had been used in transmission experiments with human hepatitis viruses. Antibody to TTV of genotype 1a was detected significantly more frequently in the chimpanzees that had been used in transmission experiments than in those that had not (8 of 28 [29%] and 3 of 35 [9%], respectively; P = 0.038). These results indicate that species-specific TTVs are prevalent in nonhuman primates and that human TTV can cross-infect chimpanzees.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Minamikawachi-Machi, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan. Phone: 81-285-58-7404. Fax: 81-285-44-1557. E-mail: immundiv{at}jichi.ac.jp.

Journal of Virology, February 2000, p. 1132-1139, Vol. 74, No. 3
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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