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Journal of Virology, June 1999, p. 5056-5063, Vol. 73, No. 6
Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology,
Received 12 October 1998/Accepted 26 February 1999
Morphologically, apoptotic cells are characterized by highly
condensed membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies. Recently, we reported that apoptosis precedes necrosis in a fish cell
line infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
(IPNV). In the present study, we tested the possibility that nontypical apoptosis is a component of IPNV-induced fish cell death. A
variant type of green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was
expressed in a fish cell line such that EGFP served as a protein
marker for visualizing dynamic apoptotic cell
morphological changes and for tracing membrane integrity changes
during IPNV infection. Direct morphological changes were
visualized by fluorescence microscopy by EGFP in living cells infected
with IPNV. The nontypical apoptotic morphological change stage
occurred during the pre-late stage (6 to 7 h postinfection). Nontypical apoptotic features, including highly condensed membrane blebbing, occurred during the middle apoptotic stage. At the pre-late apoptotic stage, membrane vesicles quickly formed, blebbed, and were
finally pinched off from the cell membrane. At the same time, at this
pre-late apoptotic stage, apoptotic cells formed unique small holes in
their membranes that ranged from 0.39 to 0.78 µm according to
examination by scanning electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Quantitation of the intra- and extracellular release of
EGFP by CHSE-214-EGFP cells after IPNV infection was done by Western
blotting and fluorometry. Membrane integrity was quickly lost during
the late apoptotic stage (after 8 h postinfection), and
morphological change and membrane integrity loss could be prevented and blocked by treatment with apoptosis inhibitors such as
cycloheximide, genistein, and EDTA before IPNV infection. Together, these findings show the apoptotic features at the onset of pathology in
host cells (early and middle apoptotic stages), followed secondarily by
nontypical apoptosis (pre-late apoptotic stage) and then by postapoptotic necrosis (late apoptotic stage), of a fish cell line. Our
results demonstrate that nontypical apoptosis is a component of
IPNV-induced fish cell death.
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Dynamics of Nontypical Apoptotic Morphological Changes Visualized
by Green Fluorescent Protein in Living Cells with Infectious Pancreatic
Necrosis Virus Infection
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of
Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology,
Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China. Phone: 886-2-27899500. Fax: 886-2-27858059. E-mail:
ZOJLWU{at}ccvax.sinica.edu.tw.
Journal of Virology, June 1999, p. 5056-5063, Vol. 73, No. 6
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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