This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Novitsky, V. A.
Right arrow Articles by Essex, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Novitsky, V. A.
Right arrow Articles by Essex, M.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Virology, May 1999, p. 4427-4432, Vol. 73, No. 5
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Molecular Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C: a Set of 23 Full-Length Clones from Botswana

Vladimir A. Novitsky,1 Monty A. Montano,1 Mary F. McLane,1 Boris Renjifo,1 Fredrik Vannberg,1 Brian T. Foley,2 Thumbi P. Ndung'u,1 Mafizur Rahman,3 Moeketsi J. Makhema,4 Richard Marlink,1 and Max Essex1,*

Harvard AIDS Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,1 and Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Group T-10, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,2 and AIDS/STD Unit3 and Princess Marina Hospital,4 Gaborone, Botswana

Received 16 October 1998/Accepted 4 February 1999

To better understand the virological aspect of the expanding AIDS epidemic in southern Africa, a set of 23 near-full-length clones of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) representing eight AIDS patients from Botswana were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. All study viruses from Botswana belonged to HIV-1 subtype C. The interpatient diversity of the clones from Botswana was higher than among full-length isolates of subtype B or among a set of full-length HIV-1 genomes of subtype C from India (mean value of 9.1% versus 6.5 and 4.3%, respectively; P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Similar results were observed in all genes across the entire viral genome. We suggest that the high level of HIV-1 diversity might be a typical feature of the subtype C epidemic in southern Africa. The reason or reasons for this diversity are unclear, but may include an altered replication efficiency of HIV-1 subtype C and/or the multiple introduction of different subtype C viruses.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB-402, 651 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115. Phone: (617) 432-0975. Fax: (617) 739-8348. E-mail: messex{at}sph.harvard.edu.

Journal of Virology, May 1999, p. 4427-4432, Vol. 73, No. 5
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Rousseau, C. M., Learn, G. H., Bhattacharya, T., Nickle, D. C., Heckerman, D., Chetty, S., Brander, C., Goulder, P. J. R., Walker, B. D., Kiepiela, P., Korber, B. T., Mullins, J. I. (2007). Extensive Intrasubtype Recombination in South African Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Infections. J. Virol. 81: 4492-4500 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • O'Neill, E., Baugh, L. L., Novitsky, V. A., Essex, M. E., Garcia, J. V. (2006). Intra- and intersubtype alternative pak2-activating structural motifs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef.. J. Virol. 80: 8824-8829 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ndung'u, T., Gaseitsiwe, S., Sepako, E., Doualla-Bell, F., Peter, T., Kim, S., Thior, I., Novitsky, V. A., Essex, M. (2005). Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (HLA-DRB and -DQB) Allele Frequencies in Botswana: Association with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. CVI 12: 1020-1028 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Travers, S. A. A., O'Connell, M. J., McCormack, G. P., McInerney, J. O. (2005). Evidence for Heterogeneous Selective Pressures in the Evolution of the env Gene in Different Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes. J. Virol. 79: 1836-1841 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Grisson, R. D., Chenine, A.-L., Yeh, L.-Y., He, J., Wood, C., Bhat, G. J., Xu, W., Kankasa, C., Ruprecht, R. M. (2004). Infectious Molecular Clone of a Recently Transmitted Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clade C Isolate from Africa: Evidence of Intraclade Recombination. J. Virol. 78: 14066-14069 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Travers, S. A. A., Clewley, J. P., Glynn, J. R., Fine, P. E. M., Crampin, A. C., Sibande, F., Mulawa, D., McInerney, J. O., McCormack, G. P. (2004). Timing and Reconstruction of the Most Recent Common Ancestor of the Subtype C Clade of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 78: 10501-10506 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pollakis, G., Abebe, A., Kliphuis, A., Chalaby, M. I. M., Bakker, M., Mengistu, Y., Brouwer, M., Goudsmit, J., Schuitemaker, H., Paxton, W. A. (2004). Phenotypic and Genotypic Comparisons of CCR5- and CXCR4-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Biological Clones Isolated from Subtype C-Infected Individuals. J. Virol. 78: 2841-2852 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gonzalez, L. M. F., Brindeiro, R. M., Tarin, M., Calazans, A., Soares, M. A., Cassol, S., Tanuri, A. (2003). In Vitro Hypersusceptibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Protease to Lopinavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 2817-2822 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • de Oliveira, T., Engelbrecht, S., Janse van Rensburg, E., Gordon, M., Bishop, K., zur Megede, J., Barnett, S. W., Cassol, S. (2003). Variability at Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Protease Cleavage Sites: an Indication of Viral Fitness?. J. Virol. 77: 9422-9430 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gordon, M., De Oliveira, T., Bishop, K., Coovadia, H. M., Madurai, L., Engelbrecht, S., Janse van Rensburg, E., Mosam, A., Smith, A., Cassol, S. (2003). Molecular Characteristics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Viruses from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implications for Vaccine and Antiretroviral Control Strategies. J. Virol. 77: 2587-2599 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Spira, S., Wainberg, M. A., Loemba, H., Turner, D., Brenner, B. G. (2003). Impact of clade diversity on HIV-1 virulence, antiretroviral drug sensitivity and drug resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 51: 229-240 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Novitsky, V., Gilbert, P., Peter, T., McLane, M. F., Gaolekwe, S., Rybak, N., Thior, I., Ndung'u, T., Marlink, R., Lee, T. H., Essex, M. (2002). Association between Virus-Specific T-Cell Responses and Plasma Viral Load in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Infection. J. Virol. 77: 882-890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ball, S. C., Abraha, A., Collins, K. R., Marozsan, A. J., Baird, H., Quinones-Mateu, M. E., Penn-Nicholson, A., Murray, M., Richard, N., Lobritz, M., Zimmerman, P. A., Kawamura, T., Blauvelt, A., Arts, E. J. (2002). Comparing the Ex Vivo Fitness of CCR5-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates of Subtypes B and C. J. Virol. 77: 1021-1038 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • McCormack, G. P., Glynn, J. R., Crampin, A. C., Sibande, F., Mulawa, D., Bliss, L., Broadbent, P., Abarca, K., Ponnighaus, J. M., Fine, P. E. M., Clewley, J. P. (2002). Early Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Epidemic in Rural Malawi. J. Virol. 76: 12890-12899 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Novitsky, V., Cao, H., Rybak, N., Gilbert, P., McLane, M. F., Gaolekwe, S., Peter, T., Thior, I., Ndung'u, T., Marlink, R., Lee, T. H., Essex, M. (2002). Magnitude and Frequency of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses: Identification of Immunodominant Regions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C. J. Virol. 76: 10155-10168 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Loemba, H., Brenner, B., Parniak, M. A., Ma'ayan, S., Spira, B., Moisi, D., Oliveira, M., Detorio, M., Wainberg, M. A. (2002). Genetic Divergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Ethiopian Clade C Reverse Transcriptase (RT) and Rapid Development of Resistance against Nonnucleoside Inhibitors of RT. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 2087-2094 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Novitsky, V., Smith, U. R., Gilbert, P., McLane, M. F., Chigwedere, P., Williamson, C., Ndung'u, T., Klein, I., Chang, S. Y., Peter, T., Thior, I., Foley, B. T., Gaolekwe, S., Rybak, N., Gaseitsiwe, S., Vannberg, F., Marlink, R., Lee, T. H., Essex, M. (2002). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Molecular Phylogeny: Consensus Sequence for an AIDS Vaccine Design?. J. Virol. 76: 5435-5451 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bures, R., Morris, L., Williamson, C., Ramjee, G., Deers, M., Fiscus, S. A., Abdool-Karim, S., Montefiori, D. C. (2002). Regional Clustering of Shared Neutralization Determinants on Primary Isolates of Clade C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from South Africa. J. Virol. 76: 2233-2244 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Trask, S. A., Derdeyn, C. A., Fideli, U., Chen, Y., Meleth, S., Kasolo, F., Musonda, R., Hunter, E., Gao, F., Allen, S., Hahn, B. H. (2002). Molecular Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission in a Heterosexual Cohort of Discordant Couples in Zambia. J. Virol. 76: 397-405 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ndung'u, T., Lu, Y., Renjifo, B., Touzjian, N., Kushner, N., Pena-Cruz, V., Novitsky, V. A., Lee, T.-H., Essex, M. (2001). Infectious Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C from an African Isolate: Rhesus Macaque Model. J. Virol. 75: 11417-11425 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shankarappa, R., Chatterjee, R., Learn, G. H., Neogi, D., Ding, M., Roy, P., Ghosh, A., Kingsley, L., Harrison, L., Mullins, J. I., Gupta, P. (2001). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env Sequences from Calcutta in Eastern India: Identification of Features That Distinguish Subtype C Sequences in India from Other Subtype C Sequences. J. Virol. 75: 10479-10487 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Novitsky, V., Rybak, N., McLane, M. F., Gilbert, P., Chigwedere, P., Klein, I., Gaolekwe, S., Chang, S. Y., Peter, T., Thior, I., Ndung'u, T., Vannberg, F., Foley, B. T., Marlink, R., Lee, T. H., Essex, M. (2001). Identification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Gag-, Tat-, Rev-, and Nef-Specific Elispot-Based Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses for AIDS Vaccine Design. J. Virol. 75: 9210-9228 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ndung'u, T., Renjifo, B., Essex, M. (2001). Construction and Analysis of an Infectious Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Molecular Clone. J. Virol. 75: 4964-4972 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Piyasirisilp, S., McCutchan, F. E., Carr, J. K., Sanders-Buell, E., Liu, W., Chen, J., Wagner, R., Wolf, H., Shao, Y., Lai, S., Beyrer, C., Yu, X.-F. (2000). A Recent Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Southern China Was Initiated by Two Highly Homogeneous, Geographically Separated Strains, Circulating Recombinant Form AE and a Novel BC Recombinant. J. Virol. 74: 11286-11295 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Moss, R. B., Giermakowska, W., Wallace, M. R., Savary, J., Jensen, F., Carlo, D. J. (2000). T-Helper-Cell Proliferative Responses to Whole-Killed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and p24 Antigens of Different Clades in HIV-1-Infected Subjects Vaccinated with HIV-1 Immunogen (Remune). CVI 7: 724-727 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chen, Z., Huang, Y., Zhao, X., Skulsky, E., Lin, D., Ip, J., Gettie, A., Ho, D. D. (2000). Enhanced Infectivity of an R5-Tropic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Carrying Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Envelope after Serial Passages in Pig-Tailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrina). J. Virol. 74: 6501-6510 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Heyndrickx, L., Janssens, W., Zekeng, L., Musonda, R., Anagonou, S., Van der Auwera, G., Coppens, S., Vereecken, K., De Witte, K., Van Rampelbergh, R., Kahindo, M., Morison, L., McCutchan, F. E., Carr, J. K., Albert, J., Essex, M., Goudsmit, J., Asjö, B., Salminen, M., Buvé, A., Study Group on Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in A, , van der Groen, G. (2000). Simplified Strategy for Detection of Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Isolates by gag/env Heteroduplex Mobility Assay. J. Virol. 74: 363-370 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»