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J Virol, July 1998, p. 5955-5966, Vol. 72, No. 7
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Retroviral Diversity and Distribution in Vertebrates

Elisabeth Herniou,1,dagger Joanne Martin,1 Karen Miller,1 James Cook,1 Mark Wilkinson,2,dagger and Michael Tristem1,*

Department of Biology, Imperial College, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY,1 and School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon BS8 1UG,2 United Kingdom

Received 8 October 1997/Accepted 10 February 1998

We used the PCR to screen for the presence of endogenous retroviruses within the genomes of 18 vertebrate orders across eight classes, concentrating on reptilian, amphibian, and piscine hosts. Thirty novel retroviral sequences were isolated and characterized by sequencing approximately 1 kb of their encoded protease and reverse transcriptase genes. Isolation of novel viruses from so many disparate hosts suggests that retroviruses are likely to be ubiquitous within all but the most basal vertebrate classes and, furthermore, gives a good indication of the overall retroviral diversity within vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that viruses clustering with (but not necessarily closely related to) the spumaviruses and murine leukemia viruses are widespread and abundant in vertebrate genomes. In contrast, we were unable to identify any viruses from hosts outside of mammals and birds which grouped with the other five currently recognized retroviral genera: the lentiviruses, human T-cell leukemia-related viruses, avian leukemia virus-related retroviruses, type D retroviruses, and mammalian type B retroviruses. There was also some indication that viruses isolated from individual vertebrate classes tended to cluster together in phylogenetic reconstructions. This implies that the horizontal transmission of at least some retroviruses, between some vertebrate classes, occurs relatively infrequently. It is likely that many of the retroviral sequences described here are distinct enough from those of previously characterized viruses to represent novel retroviral genera.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom. Phone: (1344) 294 373. Fax: (1344) 294 339. E-mail: m.tristem{at}ic.ac.uk.

dagger Present address: Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.

J Virol, July 1998, p. 5955-5966, Vol. 72, No. 7
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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