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J Virol, February 1998, p. 1593-1599, Vol. 72, No. 2
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2-Mediated Gene Transfer:
Correlation of Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Cellular Single-Stranded
D Sequence-Binding Protein with Transgene Expression in Human Cells
In Vitro and Murine Tissues In Vivo
Keyun
Qing,1,2,3
Benjawan
Khuntirat,1,2,3
Cathryn
Mah,1,2,3
Dagmar M.
Kube,1,2,3
Xu-Shan
Wang,1,2,3
Selvarangan
Ponnazhagan,1,2,3
Shangzhen
Zhou,4
Varavani J.
Dwarki,4
Mervin C.
Yoder,5 and
Arun
Srivastava1,2,3,6,*
Department of Microbiology and
Immunology,1
Walther Oncology
Center,2
Herman B. Wells Center for
Pediatric Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology,5 and
Division of
Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,6
Indiana University School of Medicine, and
Walther Cancer
Institute,3 Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, and
Virology Department, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California
946084
Received 21 July 1997/Accepted 16 October 1997
Although the adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV)-based vector
system has gained attention as a potentially useful alternative to the
more commonly used retroviral and adenoviral vectors for human gene
therapy, the single-stranded nature of the viral genome, and
consequently the rate-limiting second-strand viral DNA synthesis, significantly affect its transduction efficiency. We have identified a
cellular tyrosine phosphoprotein, designated the single-stranded D
sequence-binding protein (ssD-BP), which interacts specifically with
the D sequence at the 3' end of the AAV genome and may prevent viral second-strand DNA synthesis in HeLa cells (K. Y. Qing et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10879-10884, 1997). In the present studies, we examined whether the phosphorylation state of the
ssD-BP correlates with the ability of AAV to transduce various
established and primary cells in vitro and murine tissues in vivo. The
efficiencies of transduction of established human cells by a
recombinant AAV vector containing the
-galactosidase reporter gene
were 293 > KB > HeLa, which did not correlate with the
levels of AAV infectivity. However, the amounts of dephosphorylated ssD-BP which interacted with the minus-strand D probe were also as
follows: 293 > KB > HeLa. Predominantly the phosphorylated form of the ssD-BP was detected in cells of the K562 line, a human erythroleukemia cell line, and in CD34+ primary human
hematopoietic progenitor cells; consequently, the efficiencies of AAV-mediated transgene expression were significantly lower in these cells. Murine Sca-1+
lin
primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor
cells contained predominantly the dephosphorylated form of the ssD-BP,
and these cells could be efficiently transduced by AAV vectors.
Dephosphorylation of the ssD-BP also correlated with expression of the
adenovirus E4orf6 protein, known to induce AAV gene expression. A
deletion mutation in the E4orf6 gene resulted in a failure to catalyze
dephosphorylation of the ssD-BP. Extracts prepared from mouse brain,
heart, liver, lung, and skeletal-muscle tissues, all of which are known
to be highly permissive for AAV-mediated transgene expression,
contained predominantly the dephosphorylated form of the ssD-BP. Thus,
the efficiency of transduction by AAV vectors correlates well with the
extent of the dephosphorylation state of the ssD-BP in vitro as well as
in vivo. These data suggest that further studies on the cellular gene
that encodes the ssD-BP may promote the successful use of AAV vectors
in human gene therapy.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Medical Science Building Room 257, Indianapolis, IN
46202-5120. Phone: (317) 274-2194. Fax: (317) 274-4090. E-mail: arun_srivastava{at}iucc.iupui.edu.
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