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Journal of Virology, November 1998, p. 9307-9312, Vol. 72, No. 11
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Chemokine Coreceptor Usage by Diverse Primary Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Linqi Zhang,1,* Tian He,1 Yaoxing Huang,1 Zhiwei Chen,1 Young Guo,1 Sam Wu,2 Kevin J. Kunstman,2 R. Clark Brown,2 John P. Phair,2 Avidan U. Neumann,3 David D. Ho,1 and Steven M. Wolinsky2

The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 100161; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 606112; and Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900 Israel3

Received 17 April 1998/Accepted 5 August 1998

We tested chemokine receptor subset usage by diverse, well-characterized primary viruses isolated from peripheral blood by monitoring viral replication with CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4 U87MG.CD4 transformed cell lines and STRL33/BONZO/TYMSTR and GPR15/BOB HOS.CD4 transformed cell lines. Primary viruses were isolated from 79 men with confirmed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection from the Chicago component of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study at interval time points. Thirty-five additional well-characterized primary viruses representing HIV-1 group M subtypes A, B, C, D, and E and group O and three primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates were also used for these studies. The restricted use of the CCR5 chemokine receptor for viral entry was associated with infection by a virus having a non-syncytium-inducing phenotype and correlated with a reduced rate of disease progression and a prolonged disease-free interval. Conversely, broadening chemokine receptor usage from CCR5 to both CCR5 and CXCR4 was associated with infection by a virus having a syncytium-inducing phenotype and correlated with a faster rate of CD4 T-cell decline and progression of disease. We also observed a greater tendency for infection with a virus having a syncytium-inducing phenotype in men heterozygous for the defective CCR5 Delta 32 allele (25%) than in those men homozygous for the wild-type CCR5 allele (6%) (P = 0.03). The propensity for infection with a virus having a syncytium-inducing phenotype provides a partial explanation for the rapid disease progression among some men heterozygous for the defective CCR5 Delta 32 allele. Furthermore, we did not identify any primary viruses that used CCR3 as an entry cofactor, despite this CC chemokine receptor being expressed on the cell surface at a level commensurate with or higher than that observed for primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Whereas isolates of primary viruses of SIV also used STRL33/BONZO/TYMSTR and GPR15/BOB, no primary isolates of HIV-1 used these particular chemokine receptor-like orphan molecules as entry cofactors, suggesting a limited contribution of these other chemokine receptors to viral evolution. Thus, despite the number of chemokine receptors implicated in viral entry, CCR5 and CXCR4 are likely to be the physiologically relevant chemokine receptors used as entry cofactors in vivo by diverse strains of primary viruses isolated from blood.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Ave. 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016. Phone: (212) 725-0018. Fax: (212) 725-1126. E-mail: lzhang{at}adarc.org.

Journal of Virology, November 1998, p. 9307-9312, Vol. 72, No. 11
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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