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Journal of Virology, October 1998, p. 8150-8157, Vol. 72, No. 10
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Development of a Self-Inactivating Lentivirus
Vector
Hiroyuki
Miyoshi,
Ulrike
Blömer,
Masayo
Takahashi,
Fred H.
Gage, and
Inder M.
Verma*
Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute
for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
Received 30 April 1998/Accepted 13 July 1998
We have constructed a new series of lentivirus vectors based on
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that can transduce nondividing cells. The U3 region of the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR)
in vector constructs was replaced with the cytomegalovirus (CMV)
promoter, resulting in Tat-independent transcription but still
maintaining high levels of expression. A self-inactivating (SIN) vector
was constructed by deleting 133 bp in the U3 region of the 3' LTR,
including the TATA box and binding sites for transcription factors Sp1
and NF-
B. The deletion is transferred to the 5' LTR after reverse
transcription and integration in infected cells, resulting in the
transcriptional inactivation of the LTR in the proviruses. SIN viruses
can be generated with no significant decreases in titer. Injection of
viruses into the rat brain showed that a SIN vector containing the
green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the internal CMV
promoter transduced neurons as efficiently as a wild-type vector.
Interestingly, a wild-type vector without an internal promoter also
successfully transduced neurons in the brain, indicating that the HIV-1
LTR promoter is transcriptionally active in neurons even in the absence
of Tat. Furthermore, injection of viruses into the subretinal space of the rat eye showed that wild-type vector transduced predominantly retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells, while SIN vector
was able to transduce other types of retinal cells, including bipolar,
Müller, horizontal, and amacrine cells. This finding suggests
that the HIV-1 LTR can negatively influence the internal CMV promoter
in some cell types. SIN HIV vectors should be safer for gene therapy,
and they also have broader applicability as a means of high-level gene
transfer and expression in nondividing cells.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of
Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, P.O. Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92186-5800. Phone: (619) 453-4100, ext. 1462. Fax: (619)
558-7454. E-mail: verma{at}salk.edu.

Present address: Department for Neurosurgery, Medical School
Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

Present address: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,
Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606, Japan.
Journal of Virology, October 1998, p. 8150-8157, Vol. 72, No. 10
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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