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Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4643-4644, Vol. 80, No. 9
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4643-4644.2006

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Early Fibropapillomas in Hawaii and Occurrences in All Sea Turtle Species: the Panzootic, Associated Leeches Wide-Ranging on Sea Turtles, and Species of Study Leeches Should Be Identified


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LETTER
 
Greenblatt et al. (4) discussed when fibropapilloma (FP)-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV) became established in Hawaiian populations of sea turtles without citing the earliest records of FPs in Hawaiian sea turtles (11). However, this was rather significant to their discussion since the records occurred only 10 years (from 1947 to 1952) (Fig. 1) after the first report in the Atlantic (9, 10) (Florida Keys, 1937) and thus suggested that FP was worldwide and not introduced into the Pacific (11), as their genetic data also would suggest.


Figure 1
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  		FIG. 1. Fibropapilloma tumors in a green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) collected from Waikiki, Hawaii, in 1952. Photograph by Charles E. Cutress.

Greenblatt et al. (4) stated that FP is only found in green (Chelonia mydas), loggerhead (Caretta caretta), and olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles. While these may be the most commonly infected species, FP has been found in all sea turtle species (hawksbill sea turtles [Eretomochelys imbricata] [3, 11], even in Hawaii [11]; flatback sea turtles [Natator depressus] [7]; Kemp's Ridley sea turtles [L. kempii] [1, 6]; leatherback sea turtles [Dermochelys coriacea] [8]; and their hybrids [loggerhead x green sea turtles and loggerhead x hawksbill sea turtles]).

Greenblatt et al. (4) discussed the recent worldwide increase in cases of FP without citing the paper that presented cases throughout the Caribbean and first suggested this was a worldwide panzootic (12). They also omitted the later review of FP (7).

Unlike most leeches, which must leave the host to reproduce, Ozobranchus branchiatus and O. margoi can complete their complete reproductive cycle on the turtle hosts. Thus, they are not necessarily limited to coastal areas, as stated by Greenblatt et al. (4). Greenblatt et al. (5) somehow managed to publish an entire paper on these leeches without ever explaining exactly which species they were studying, nor they did state the species (Ozobranchus sp.) in reference 4. Both O. branchiatus and O. margoi occur on Hawaiian green sea turtles (2). It might be instructive in their rebuttal to explain which species of leech they analyzed.


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank the late Charles E. Cutress, retired professor, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, for the photograph and information on the Hawaiian FPs.


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REFERENCES
 
    1
  1. Barragan, A. R., and L. Sarti. 1994. A possible case of fibropapilloma in Kemp's Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii). Mar. Turtle Newsl. 67:27.
    2. 2
  2. Choy, B. K., G. H. Balazs, and M. Dailey. 1989. A new therapy for marine turtles parasitized by the piscicolid leech, Ozobranchus brachiatus. Herpetol. Rev. 20:89-90.
    3. 3
  3. D'Amato, A. F., and M. Moraes-Neto. 2000. First documentation of fibropapillomas verified by histopathology in Eretmochelys imbricata. Mar. Turtle Newsl. 89:12-13.
    4. 4
  4. Greenblatt, R. J., S. L. Quackenbush, R. N. Casey, J. Rovnak, G. H. Balazs, T. M. Work, J. W. Casey, and C. A. Sutton. 2005. Genomic variation of the fibropapilloma-associated marine turtle herpesvirus across seven geographic areas and three host species. J. Virol. 79:1125-1132.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    5. 5
  5. Greenblatt, R. J., T. M. Work, G. H. Balazs, C. A. Sutton, R. N. Casey, and J. W. Casey. 2004. The Ozobranchus leech is a candidate mechanical vector for the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus found latently infecting skin tumors on Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Virology 321:101-110.[CrossRef][Medline]
    6. 6
  6. Guillen, L., and J. P. Villalobos. 2000. Papillomas in Kemp's Ridley turtles, p. 237. In H. Kalb and T. Wibbels (ed.), Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration technical memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-443. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
    7. 7
  7. Herbst, L. H. 1994. Fibropapillomatosis of marine turtles. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 4:389-425.[CrossRef]
    8. 8
  8. Huerta, P., H. Pineda, A. Aguirre, T. Spraker, L. Sarti, and A. Barragán. 2002. First confirmed case of fibropapilloma in a leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), p. 193. In A. Mosier, A. Foley, and B. Brost (ed.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration technical memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-477. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
    9. 9
  9. Lucke, B. 1938. Studies on tumors in cold-blooded vertebrates. Pap. Tortugas Lab. 32:92-94.
    10. 10
  10. Smith, G. M., and C. W. Coates. 1938. Fibro-epithelial growths of the skin in large marine turtles, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus). Zoologica 24:379-380.
    11. 11
  11. Williams, E. H., Jr., and L. Bunkley-Williams. 1996. Fibropapillomas in Hawaiian sea turtles. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 46:46-49.
    12. 12
  12. Williams, E. H., Jr., L. Bunkley-Williams, E. C. Peters, B. Pinto-Rodríguez, R. Matos-Morales, A. A. Mignucci-Giannoni, K. V. Hall, J. V. Rueda-Almonacid, J. Sybesma, I. Bonnelly de Calventi, and R. H. Boulon. 1994. An epizootic of cutaneous fibropapillomas in green turtles, Chelonia mydas of the Caribbean: part of a panzootic? J. Aquat. Anim. Health 6:70-78.
Ernest H. Williams Jr.*
Lucy Bunkley-Williams
Caribbean Aquatic Animal Health Project
Department of Marine Sciences
University of Puerto Rico
P.O. Box 9013
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00861-9013

* Phone: (787) 265-3838, Fax: (787) 265-5408, E-mail: ewilliams{at}uprm.edu


Author's Reply


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LETTER 
 
Regarding Dr. Bunkley-Williams' letter concerning the reports by Greenblatt et al. (1, 2), I offer the following response.

Greenblatt et al. (1) suggested, based on genetics data, that FPTHV was around longer than the manifestation of FP disease (tumors) in turtles. No mention or inference is made that FPTHV was recently introduced into the Pacific, as Dr. Bunkley-Williams implies.

Greenblatt et al. (1) simply listed the most common species of turtles affected by FP. Given the scope of the paper (not a review), an exhaustive list of all confirmed or suspect cases of FP in all turtles is inappropriate. FP, as defined by the presence of histologically characterized tumors concomitant with the presence of FP herpesvirus DNA, has been repeatedly confirmed in olive Ridley, green, and loggerhead sea turtles, where the prevalence of the disease approaches a consistently measurable number (e.g., >5%). The other cases the author cites, in particular the hawksbill, are isolated individuals, some of which were confirmed by histopathology and others not, and none of which have been assayed by molecular virology for the presence of the viral genome. Indeed, three-fourths of the FP cases in hawksbill turtles cited by Williams and Bunkley-Williams, (4) are labeled as "presumed FP" due to lack of histology.

Contrary to Dr. Bunkley-Williams' assertion, the seminal review by Herbst (3) was cited in our Journal of Virology paper (1), as reference 12, and in our Virology paper (2).

Lastly, at this stage, the species of leech is somewhat superfluous and not the point of the Greenblatt et al. (2) publication. The main thrust of the paper was to advance the concept of leeches as potential vectors of FPTHV. Further investigations are certainly merited to tease out if a particular species of leech is more likely to be a carrier of the FPTHV, and in such a case, accurately determining the Ozobranchus species would be imperative.


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REFERENCES 
 
    1
  1. Greenblatt, R. J., S. L. Quackenbush, R. N. Casey, J. Rovnak, G. H. Balazs, T. M. Work, J. W. Casey, and C. A. Sutton. 2005. Genomic variation of the fibropapilloma-associated marine turtle herpesvirus across seven geographic areas and three host species. J. Virol. 79:1125-1132.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    2. 2
  2. Greenblatt, R. J., T. M. Work, G. H. Balazs, C. A. Sutton, R. N. Casey, and J. W. Casey. 2004. The Ozobranchus leech is a candidate mechanical vector for the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus found latently infecting skin tumors on Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Virology 321:101-110.[CrossRef][Medline]
    3. 3
  3. Herbst, L. H. 1994. Fibropapillomatosis of marine turtles. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 4:389-425.
    4. 4
  4. Williams, E. H., Jr., and L. Bunkley-Williams. 1996. Fibropapillomas in Hawaiian sea turtles. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 46:46-49.
James W. Casey
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Cornell University
C4-137 Veterinary Medical Center
Ithaca, NY 14853
Phone: (607) 253-3570
Fax: (607) 253-3384
E-mail: jwc3{at}cornell.edu

Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4643-4644, Vol. 80, No. 9
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4643-4644.2006





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