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Journal of Virology, July 2000, p. 6632-6636, Vol. 74, No. 14
Department of Medical
Microbiology1 and Department of
Gynecology,2 Johannes Gutenberg University,
Mainz, Germany, and Antibody Department, Beckman/Coulter,
Marseille, France3
Received 1 February 2000/Accepted 25 April 2000
Several characteristics make human papillomavirus (HPV) amenable to
vaccination. Anti-HPV-directed vaccines are based on the observation
that HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins are constitutively expressed in
HPV-positive cervical cancer and may serve as tumor rejection antigens.
Five HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, and 45) account for 80% of cervical
cancer. Until now, the type of immune response capable of mediating an
effective antitumor response has not been defined. In order to define
the anticancer-directed immune response in situ, we characterized
CD4+ and CD8+ sorted T cells from peripheral
blood lymphocytes, freshly harvested tumor tissue, and
tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from a patient with cervical
cancer. The HLA-DR-restricted CD4+ T-cell receptor VB16-,
VA10-, VA21-, and VA22-positive CD4+ T-cell line derived
from TIL recognizes autologous HLA-DR*0402+
(HPV33+) cervical cancer cells, as determined by gamma
interferon secretion. Testing of different peptides spanning the E7
gene revealed that the HPV3373-87 peptide
ASDLRTIQQLLMGTV represents the immunodominant epitope which can
also be presented by the DR*0401 allele to TIL. Such major
histocompatibility complex class II-presented peptides represent
attractive candidates to augment T-cell responses directed against
autologous tumor cells.
Cervical cancer represents a unique
tumor entity compared to most other cancer types, since it is
associated with a chronic viral infection of epithelial cells with
human papillomavirus (HPV), predominantly type 16 (HPV16) and HPV18
(33). Most of the studies examining T-cell responses
directed against cervical cancer utilized the HPV E7 gene product as
the target, since it is expressed in all disease stages and represents
an attractive candidate for immune intervention. The assumption that T
cells effectively recognize cancer cells stems from earlier
observations that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
recognize virus-infected cells (32). In contrast to the
vigorous cellular immune response to viral antigens in peripheral blood
(3, 21), the number of tumor-reactive T cells in patients with cancer appears to be quite low (9, 10).
Several mechanisms may account for the ultimate development of invasive
cervical cancer, one of these being the inability of the cellular
immune system to effectively eradicate HPV-positive tumor cells. Some
reports demonstrated the presence of HPV-specific T cells after in
vitro stimulation with peptides (11) or used autologous
dendritic cells in order to expand HPV-specific and major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted T cells (24). Animal studies suggested that an anti-papillomavirus
E7-directed immune response may be effective in eradicating E7-positive
autologous cancer cells (4, 12, 22). However, examination of
T cells from patients with cervical cancer suggested that cellular
immune responses to E7 from HPV16 may be impaired, potentially due to decreased Most of the tumor antigens described thus far have relied on the
definition of targets recognized either by T cells infiltrating into
cancer tissue or from T cells harvested from peripheral blood (27), and earlier studies of T cells reactive to cervical
cancer have predominantly relied on CD8+ or
CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL)
(2, 8, 19, 20, 24, 26, 29, 31); CD8+ T cells
infiltrating into cancer lesions have recently been described to
recognize HLA-A2-binding peptides provided by HPV16 (11). Here, we describe that CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
(TIL) expanded in vitro with 100 IU of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and 100 ng
of IL-7 per ml, obtained from a patient with cervical cancer, recognize
freshly isolated autologous (HPV33+) tumor cells as
determined by gamma interferon (IFN-
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Human Papillomavirus Type 33 E7 Peptides Presented
by HLA-DR*0402 to Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells in Cervical
Cancer
ABSTRACT
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-chain expression, a key signal molecule associated with
the T-cell receptor (TCR) (20).
) secretion, which could be
blocked with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against HLA-DR but
not with an MAb directed against MHC class I (Table
1). In order to characterize the
structural composition of TIL, we implemented flow cytometry using a
panel of 21 different TCR VB-specific MAbs and TCR spectratype analysis
of TCR VA and VB chains (18), followed by DNA sequence
analysis. The TIL population exhibited less than 2% CD8+
and more than 98% CD4+ staining cells which predominantly
express the TCR VB16 chain (Fig.
1), as defined by the MAb TAMAYA1.2
(Beckman/Coulter, Krefeld, Germany). This T-cell expansion could
not be detected in T cells obtained from peripheral blood.
Immunostaining of the freshly harvested tumor tissue revealed that the
TCR VB16+ T-cell population infiltrates into the cancer
lesion (Fig. 2).
TABLE 1.
TIL recognize autologous
tumor cellsa
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FIG. 1.
TCR VB families in PBL and TIL. PBL were gated on
CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and tested for expression
of individual TCR VB chains by flow cytometry. No major TCR VB
expansion could be detected in PBL. In contrast, the majority of TIL
(>98% CD4+) stained positive for the TCR VB16. +,
detection of monoclonal TCR VB chains as listed in Table 2.
View larger version (126K):
[in a new window]
FIG. 2.
Detection of TCR VB16+ T cells infiltrating
into cervical cancer. Serial sections from tumor tissue were stained
for CD3, CD4, CD8, and TCR VB16+ T cells. Note that
CD4+ T cells represent the majority of T cells and that TCR
VB16+ T cells directly infiltrate the tumor lesion.
In order to define the structural anatomy and the magnitude of the T
cells in different anatomic compartments, we performed TCR VA/VB
spectratype analysis (18) with freshly isolated tumor tissue, in TIL, and in CD4+ and CD8+ sorted
PBL. No monoclonal TCRs could be detected in the tumor specimen, but
eight monoclonal TCR VA and three monoclonal TCR VB chains were
detected in the CD8+ but not in the CD4+ T-cell
population in PBL (Table 2). Seven
monoclonal TCR VA and one monoclonal TCR VB (VB16) chains could be
identified in TIL. DNA sequence analysis of the TCR VA chains in
CD8+ PBL revealed that the monoclonal TCR VA3 and VA9
chains are identical to those present in TIL, presumably in the 2%
CD8+ T-cell population. Next, we sorted the TCR
VB16+ TIL population using the anti-VB16-directed MAb
TAMAYA1.2 and anti-murine immunoglobulin G (IgG)-directed
immunomagnetic beads. After sorting, three monoclonal TCR VA chains,
including TCR VA10, VA21, and VA22, could be detected (Table 2). Thus,
other monoclonal TCR VA chains identified in the TIL line may reside in
the minority (<4%) of TCR VB16-negative T cells (Fig. 1).
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Up till now, most studies dealing with CD4+ cellular immune
responses directed against HPV-associated products, particularly E6 and
E7, have focused on HPV16 or HPV18 (2, 8). However, HPV33,
present in this case, contributes to the high-risk HPV types but
represents only a minority of cervical cancer lesions (5).
In order to assess immunoreactivity by TIL, we tested a panel of
different HPV33 peptides for T-cell recognition as determined in a 24-h
IFN- secretion assay (Table 3). Based
on a computer algorithm (13, 16), eight peptides were
selected based on potential binding to DR*0402. Peptides were pulsed
onto autologous macrophages, and one peptide (HPV33
E773-87) induced significant IFN- secretion in TIL,
which could be blocked with the anti-DR-directed MAb but not with
control IgG. The same was found to be true for a different peptide
(HPV33 E776-90), which induced less IFN- secretion in
TIL and could also be blocked with the MAb directed against HLA-DR.
Titration of these peptides onto autologous cells showed that the
peptide derived from HPV33 E773-87 (ASDLRTIQQLLMGTV)
represents the dominant epitope defined by TIL (Fig.
3). In contrast, TIL did not secrete
significant amounts of IFN- in response to a peptide from tetanus
toxin.
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In addition to autologous antigen-presenting cells, peptides were also
pulsed onto T2 cells transfected with HLA-DR*0401. In contrast to
autologous antigen-presenting cells, TIL could exclusively recognize
the HPV33 E773-87 peptide (Table
4). Similarly to autologous
antigen-presenting cells, T-cell recognition could be blocked with the
anti-DR-specific MAb but not with control IgG. At least two
possibilities may account for this observation. (i) The HPV33
E773-87 but not the HPV33 E776-90 peptide may
bind to HLA-DR*0401 and to the autologous HLA-DR*0402 allele expressed
by tumor cells. (ii) The HPV33 E776-90 peptide may not be
presented directly but may first be engulfed (e.g., by macrophages),
degraded, transported to the cell surface, and presented by MHC class
II molecules. The latter possibility is unlikely, since not only
DR*0401-transfected T2 cells but also DR*0401-positive macrophages are
unable to present the HPV33 E776-90 peptide to TIL.
Additionally, different TCR VA chains, either VA10, VA21, or VA22,
paired to VB16+ T cells may account for the differential
recognition of the closely related HPV33 E7 epitopes.
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The significance of CD4+-mediated recognition of immune responses directed against cervical cancer has already been suggested in earlier studies. CD4+ T-cell clones obtained from peripheral blood from asymptomatic HPV16+ individuals responded to different amino acid stretches of the HPV E7 protein (2), predominantly to amino acids 67 to 98 of the HPV16 E7 protein (8), to HPV16 L1 peptides (29), or to peptides provided by the less prevalent HPV59 and HPV68 in the context of HLA-DR4 (17). The role of CD4+ T cells in immune surveillance is further underscored by the observation that CD4+ T cells dominate in T-cell infiltrates in clinically regressing genital warts (16). Additionally, decreased CD4+ T-cell numbers enhance progression of HPV-positive cervical lesions to invasive cancer. This may be due to infection with human immunodeficiency virus or to iatrogenically decreased CD4+ T-cell numbers (25). Women diagnosed with cervical cancer appear to show lower CD4 counts than women with preinvasive lesions or healthy controls (14).
IFN- secretion by tumor- or peptide-reactive T cells served as the
marker for immune recognition in this study. However, other
Th1-associated cytokines, e.g., IL-2, appear to represent a good marker
for T-helper responses directed to different 20-mer peptides spanning
the HPV16 E7 protein, as reported in a different study (8).
Interestingly, T-helper reactivity was restricted to patients infected
with HPV and associated with viral persistence and disease progression
(8). However, these data have been generated by utilizing
CD4 T cells from peripheral blood, which is easily accessible for
screening but may not necessarily reflect the in situ situation.
Analysis of T cells infiltrating into cancer lesions suggested that the
expression of HLA-DR by keratinocytes and an increased CD4 T-cell
infiltrate of the T-helper 2 type is correlated with high-grade
squamous intraepithelial lesions (1).
The biological role of CD4 T cells in orchestrating a cellular immune response may be quite diverse. T-helper cells may provide T-cell help for B-cell responses or cytolytic CD8+ T cells. Alternatively, CD4+ T cells may themselves also be able to mediate tumor regression (15, 30), even if tumor cells lack MHC class II expression (23). This may be important since MHC class I antigen processing or presentation defects appear to be a common event associated with progression of cervical cancer lesions (7). These data suggest that targeting MHC class II responses may benefit patients suffering from cervical cancer and represent an attractive approach to activate or to expand T cells recognizing tumor cells in an MHC class II-restricted fashion.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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We are grateful to Edgar Hilmes and W. E. Hitzler, Blood Bank, University of Mainz, for MHC typing.
This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (SFB 432/A9).
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany. Phone: 49-6131-173645. Fax: 49-6131-175580. E-mail: maeurer{at}mail.uni-mainz.de.
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Journal of Virology, July 2000, p. 6632-6636, Vol. 74, No. 14
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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