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Journal of Virology, May 1999, p. 4439-4442, Vol. 73, No. 5
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Oncogene Activation in Myeloid Leukemias by Graffi Murine Leukemia Virus Proviral Integration

Catherine Denicourt, Elsy Edouard, and Eric Rassart*

Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada

Received 23 October 1998/Accepted 16 January 1999


    ABSTRACT
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The Graffi murine leukemia virus (MuLV) is a nondefective retrovirus that induces granulocytic leukemia in BALB/c and NFS mice. To identify genes involved in Graffi MuLV-induced granulocytic leukemia, tumor cell DNAs were examined for genetic alterations at loci described as common proviral integration sites in MuLV-induced myeloid, lymphoid, and erythroid leukemias. Southern blot analysis revealed rearrangements in c-myc, Fli-1, Pim-1, and Spi-1/PU.1 genes in 20, 10, 3.3, and 3.3% of the tumors tested, respectively. These results demonstrate for the first time the involvement of those genes in granulocytic leukemia.


    TEXT
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Murine retroviruses have been widely used to understand the mechanisms by which they perturb normal hematopoiesis and to identify genes involved in the process of leukemogenesis. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis is the major mechanism by which these nondefective viruses cause oncogenesis, and it is responsible for the alterations found in several genes implicated in leukemic transformation (2, 23, 47). Graffi murine leukemia virus (MuLV) was originally a retroviral mixture that predominantly induced myeloid leukemia in some strains of mice, although a large spectrum of leukemia could be observed after repeated passages (18, 19). Two molecular clones (GV-1.2 and GV-1.4) have been derived and characterized (34). They both induced granulocytic leukemias in BALB/c and NFS mice (34). They have very similar structures, but clone GV-1.2 induces pathology with shorter latency period and shows a perfect 60-bp duplication in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat (34). Most mice develop thymic and lymph node enlargements, and in peripheral blood smears, the granulocytic leukemia can take two distinct appearances: a juvenile type characterized by myeloblastic to promyelocytic stages or a more mature one with metamyelocytic to segmented granulocytic stages. Approximately 15 to 20% of the blasts showed positive staining for myeloperoxidase, and 60 to 70% showed positive staining for naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (34). These tumors, although clearly myeloid demonstrate DNA rearrangements in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain and T-cell receptor beta  genes (34). This phenomenon is also observed in acute and chronic human myeloid leukemias (35). Therefore, the Graffi MuLV could be an excellent model to study the mechanisms of myeloid leukemia induction and progression.

In an attempt to investigate the possible contribution of Graffi MuLV in the process of leukemic disease, we examined 30 granulocytic tumors for DNA structure integrity and expression of cellular genes found to be activated by proviral insertion in myeloid and other types of leukemias. Tumors were generated by inoculating newborn NFS and BALB/c mice intraperitoneally with Graffi MuLV molecular clones and parental mixture as described previously (34). DNA from thymic, splenic, and lymph node tumors was extracted and analyzed by Southern blot hybridization for gene rearrangement. Table 1 summarizes the probes used for the analysis and the results obtained. Six tumors had rearrangements in the c-myc gene, one tumor had rearrangements in Spi-1/PU.1, three tumors had rearrangements in Fli-1, and one had rearrangements in Pim-1 (also in c-myc) (Fig. 1). No rearrangements could be detected for the other oncogenes listed in Table 1, although we cannot exclude the possibility of locus alterations beyond the region covered.

                              
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  		TABLE 1.   Probes used for DNA analysis in this study


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  		FIG. 1.   Southern blot analysis of Graffi MuLV-induced leukemias (A) Eco-RI-digested DNAs probed with c-myc. Lanes: A, spleen; B, tumor F9; C, tumor F14; D, tumor B30; E, tumor B32. (B) EcoRV-digested DNAs probed with Pim-1. Lanes: A, spleen; B, tumor F9. (C) EcoRV-digested DNAs probed with Fli-1. Lanes: A, spleen; B, tumor B9; C, tumor F11; D, tumor F17. (D) EcoRV-digested DNAs probed with Spi-1/PU.1. Lanes: A, spleen; B, tumor B38.

The c-myc proto-oncogene is the most commonly activated gene in retrovirus-induced tumors. It is frequently activated in both B- and T-cell lymphomas induced by Moloney or Friend MuLV (13, 39). Rearrangements of the c-myc gene were also described in Friend helper virus-induced erythroleukemias (16). Our results from Southern blots of EcoRI- and KpnI-digested DNAs suggest that all c-myc rearrangements in these myeloid tumors are due to proviral insertions upstream of the first exon of c-myc (Fig. 2). Analysis with other enzymes did not unambiguously allow the determination of the proviral orientation in those tumors. Northern blot analysis performed on total RNA revealed a high level of expression of the normal-size c-myc transcript for the tumors with rearrangements in c-myc as well as for many other tumors with no rearrangements in any known oncogene tested (not shown). These results are not surprising, since c-myc is expressed in almost all proliferating normal cells and downregulated in many types of cells when induced to terminally differentiate (17, 20). High expression of c-myc has also been observed in leukemic cells of acute myeloid leukemia patients (43). The constitutive expression of c-myc appears to be an important leukemogenic event occurring in a variety of MuLV-induced leukemias.


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  		FIG. 2.   Positions of viral integration in the Fli-1 (A), Spi-1/PU.1 (B), c-myc (C), and Pim-1 (D) regions. The black boxes represent the exons. The Spi-1/PU.1 exon 1 is located 10 kbp downstream of the integration site. Arrows above the maps indicate the positions and orientations of the Graffi MuLV integrations. The integration in the Pim-1 locus is located approximately 13 kbp downstream of the last exon (exon 6). Restriction site abbreviations: S, SacI; P, PstI; H, HindIII; K, KpnI; B, BamHI; E, EcoRI; X, XbaI; R, EcoRV.

One of the tumors with rearrangements in c-myc also had rearrangements in the Pim-1 proto-oncogene, which is also activated by proviral insertions in erythroleukemias and T-cell lymphomas in mice (14, 16, 36, 38). It was demonstrated that Pim-1 is one of the most efficient collaborators of c-myc in the induction of lymphomagenesis in mice (29, 45, 46). Our results suggest that the association of c-myc and Pim-1 activation may also play a role in myeloid leukemogenesis.

Spi-1/PU.1 and Fli-1 are both members of the ets family of transcription factors and were identified as a consequence of their activation in Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia (6, 7, 26, 32). For both genes, our results show that the retrovirus is integrated in the same region and in an orientation opposite to transcriptional orientation of the gene as does the Friend MuLV (Fig. 2). The Fli-1 gene is activated in 72% of the non-T, non-b lymphomas induced by Cas-Br-E MuLV in NIH/Swiss mice (9). The 10A1 MuLV was also associated with Fli-1 activation in tumors similar to those induced by Cas-Br-E (31). However, these integrations of Cas-Br-E and 10A1 are all clustered in exon 1 within 35 nucleotides directly upstream of the Fli-1 ATG start codon in the same transcriptional orientation as the gene (4, 9, 31). This could indicate the necessity of a promoter insertion mechanism to activate Fli-1 in this case due to a weak activating potential of Cas-Br-E long terminal repeat enhancer (3). Spi-1/PU.1 is found rearranged in Friend spleen focus-forming virus-induced erythroleukemia. Friend spleen focus-forming virus integrations are located 10 kbp upstream of the first exon of Spi-1/PU.1 (26). In no other cases were both Fli-1 and Spi-1/PU.1 genes reported to be activated in myeloid leukemias. These data confirm the involvement of those two genes in myeloid leukemogenesis in addition to erythroid leukemogenesis and suggest their importance in normal regulation of myeloid hematopoiesis. To further characterize the tumors with rearrangements in Fli-1 and Spi-1/PU.1 genes, we analyzed the expression of Fli-1, Spi-1/PU.1, and EpoR on Northern blots performed on total RNA from tumors with rearranged genes. Results depicted in Fig. 3 clearly demonstrate overexpression of the Fli-1 gene in the three tumors with rearrangement in that locus compared to the levels from healthy spleen or from a tumor with nonrearranged genes. In those three same tumors, a high level of EpoR is also observed (Fig. 3). High levels of EpoR expression were also observed in Cas-Br-E-induced non-T, non-B lymphomas that harbored a proviral integration in Fli-1 (8). However, it is possible that the high level of EpoR observed is correlated with the overexpression of Fli-1, suggesting that Fli-1 might be involved in the regulation of EpoR expression. Hybridization with a myeloperoxidase cDNA probe did not reveal high levels of transcription in the three tumors with rearrangements in Fli-1 gene. A control tumor and the tumor with rearrangement in the Spi-1/PU.1 gene both demonstrate a high level of expression of myeloperoxidase (Fig. 3), but analysis of several granulocytic tumors revealed different levels of myeloperoxidase expression (not shown). This nonuniformity of expression could be linked to the different stages of differentiation of the leukemic cells present in each tumor. Indeed, myeloperoxidase mRNA is detectable by Northern blot analysis solely in late myeloblastic and promyelocytic stages (44). Histochemical examination of the three tumors with rearrangements in the Fli-1 gene clearly revealed their granulocytic origin (not shown). The tumor with rearrangements in Spi-1 shows a higher expression of the Spi-1 transcript, suggesting an activation by transcriptional enhancement since the proviral integration is located 10 kbp upstream of the first exon (Fig. 2). Although only one Graffi MuLV-induced tumor had rearrangements in the Spi-1/PU.1 locus, involvement of Spi-1/PU.1 in granulocytic leukemia is not surprising, since this proto-oncogene has been shown to take an important part in myeloid cell development (5, 12, 25, 37). These data strongly suggest that proviral activation of the Fli-1 and Spi-1 genes resulting in their deregulated expression plays an important role in the development of granulocytic leukemia.


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  		FIG. 3.   Northern blot analysis of Graffi MuLV-induced tumors. Lanes: 1, control spleen; 2, control tumor; 3, tumor B9; 4, tumor F11; 5, tumor F17; 6, tumor B32. DNA rearrangements observed in the tumors are indicated over the lanes. RNAs have been hybridized with probes indicated to the left of the blots. MP, myeloperoxidase.

In conclusion, we have observed rearrangements in the c-myc, Pim-1, Fli-1, and Spi-1 genes in 20, 3.3, 10, and 3.3%, respectively, of the Graffi MuLV-induced myeloblastic leukemias. These relatively low percentages of tumors with rearrangements in known oncogenes indicate that other genes could be involved in Graffi MuLV-induced leukemias.


    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Corinne Barat for helpful discussions and critical review of the manuscript.

This work was supported in part by grant 007072 from the National Cancer Institute of Canada. C.D. is a recipient of a Cancer Research Society Inc. studentship.


    FOOTNOTES

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada. Phone: (514) 987-3000, ext. 3953. Fax: (514) 987-4647. E-mail: rassart.eric{at}UQAM.ca.


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Journal of Virology, May 1999, p. 4439-4442, Vol. 73, No. 5
0022-538X/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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