INTRODUCTION

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Herpesviruses express a large number of glycoproteins, most of which are present in the mature virion. Inserted into the viral envelope, they play an important role in virus entry into and egress from cells, and they represent prime targets for the immune response of the infected host. In the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), 11 glycoproteins have been described so far; they are glycoprotein B (gB), gC, gD, gE, gG, gH, gI, gK, gL, gM, and gN. Homologous proteins are also present in other members of the Alphaherpesvirinae. With the exception of gG, the PrV glycoproteins are virion constituents (8, 19, 24, 36).

Several of the glycoproteins form complexes. The gB complex consists of two gB monomers linked via disulfide bonds, which are posttranslationally proteolytically cleaved into two subunits each (44). The heterodimeric complex consisting of gE and gI is noncovalently linked (48) and functions in direct cell-to-cell spread in culture and in the nervous system (11, 26, 46). The gE-gI complex of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) binds the Fc part of immunoglobulin G (17, 18). Another heteromeric complex consists of the essential gH and gL. HSV-1 gL is required for proper folding and surface expression of gH (16). Consequently, an HSV-1 mutant unable to express gL is noninfectious and fails to incorporate gH into virions (40). Similarly, gL expressed in the absence of gH was not detected at the cell surface or in the virion (16) but was released into the medium (12). Virions of PrV mutants defective in gH expression do not contain gL (25); however, in contrast to HSV-1, PrV gL is not required for virion localization of gH (23). Nonetheless, gL-negative PrV mutants are noninfectious, indicating an active role for gL in the function of the gH-gL complex. Whereas alphaherpesvirus gH-gL complexes are noncovalently linked, the homologous glycoproteins of the betaherpesviruses human cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 6 form disulfide-linked complexes (21, 32). A third protein present in the gH-gL complex was identified in human cytomegalovirus (15, 28) and Epstein-Barr virus (29).

Genes homologous to HSV-1 UL49.5 are conserved within the Herpesviridae (2, 4, 6, 7, 30, 34, 39, 41, 47). gN, the product of the PrV UL49.5 gene, was characterized as an O-glycosylated structural protein of the virion envelope (19). In contrast, in bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) (31) and HSV-1 (1), the gene product does not appear to be glycosylated. However, the BHV-1 homolog is also a membrane protein and a constituent of mature BHV-1 virions. In addition, it was shown to form a complex with an unidentified 39-kDa virion protein (31).

The only nonessential glycoprotein conserved throughout the Herpesviridae is gM, the product of the HSV-1 UL10 gene. PrV gM is a 45-kDa structural component of virions (8). PrV mutants unable to express gM are impaired in replication in cell culture, exhibit a delay in penetration, and show significantly decreased virulence in pigs, PrV's natural host (9). PrV gM is found in oligomeric forms, presumably primarily dimers (10).

To analyze gN in more detail, particularly to assay for a phenotype associated with the absence of gN, we isolated a gN PrV mutant. Here we report the characterization of the mutant virus and demonstrate the existence of a gM-gN complex in mature PrV virions.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Viruses and cells. Virus mutants were derived from wild-type PrV strain Ka (20). They were propagated on porcine (PK15), bovine (MDBK), or rabbit kidney (RK13) cells. Cells were grown in minimum essential medium with Earle's salts supplemented with nonessential amino acids and 10% fetal calf serum. Transfections by calcium phosphate precipitation (13) were performed with African green monkey kidney (Vero) or RK13 cells. Penetration kinetics were assayed on ith MDBK and Vero cells, and immunofluorescence studies were performed with RK13 cells.

Construction of gN PrV mutant. Two plasmids derived from a 2-kb BamHI/SalI fragment of genomic BamHI fragment 1 by nested deletion (19) were used (Fig. 1). A 1,214-bp insert of pBK41 which comprises 66 bp of the 3' end of the UL49.5 gene and adjacent downstream sequences was joined to a 717-bp fragment of pUSS83 containing 204 bp of the 5' end of the UL49.5 gene and adjacent upstream sequences, leading to the elimination of 24 bp from the UL49.5 gene. The cloning strategy resulted in the introduction of a unique SstI cleavage site between the two fragments, which was used for the insertion of a gG--galactosidase expression cassette (37), yielding pU8341. To construct a gN-expressing cell line, a 405-bp fragment containing the entire UL49.5 gene was subcloned into expression vector pRc/CMV (Invitrogen, Leek, The Netherlands) and used for transfections of Vero cells. Stable clones were selected in medium containing 800 µg of geneticin (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) per ml (38). The expression of gN was verified by Western blotting, and one clone, C4/2, was further used.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1.   Schematic diagrams of the PrV genome and plasmids. (a) Diagram of the PrV genome, consisting of long (UL) and short unique (US) regions, with the latter bracketed by inverted repeats (stippled boxes). (b) BamHI restriction fragment map. (c) Relevant region of the genome is enlarged. The indicated 405-bp fragment was used for the establishment of the gN-expressing cell line. Inserts of plasmids pUSS83 and pBK41 (d) were joined to the gG--galactosidase (gG-gal) cassette (g) for the construction of mutant PrV-gN. (e and f) Locations of UL50 and UL49.5 genes, respectively, are shown. The relevant restriction sites and sizes of fragments are indicated. The location of the UL49.5 open reading frame is shaded.

Preparation of antiserum against baculovirus-expressed gN. The UL49.5 gene was amplified by PCR with Deep Vent polymerase (New England Biolabs, Schwalbach, Germany) and the following primers: gN-1, 5'-TGGATCCAGGATGGTCTCCTCCG-3' (positions 365 to 377 of GenBank accession no. U38547), and gN-2, 5'-CGAATTCGATCTTTATACGCGCCGCC-3' (positions 82 to 62). By using the BamHI and EcoRI restriction sites contained in the primers, the PCR product was inserted into pVL1393 (PharMingen, San Diego, Calif.) under the control of the polyhedrin promoter, resulting in plasmid pVL1393gN. Ten days after cotransfection of BaculoGold DNA (PharMingen) and pVL1393gN into H5 cells, cells were freeze-thawed and supernatants were used for the infection of EaA cells. The expression of gN was monitored by Western blotting. Baculovirus-expressed gN appeared as a 12-kDa protein.

Metabolic labelling of proteins. Confluent PK15 or RK13 cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection of 5. Six hours postinfection, the inoculum was replaced by minimal essential medium without either methionine, cysteine, or both, and cells were further incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Thereafter, the medium was replaced with fresh medium containing 50 µCi of Tran³⁵S-label (3,000 Ci/mmol; ICN, Eschwege, Germany) per ml. Infected cells were labelled for 60 to 90 min. Thereafter, the medium was removed and cells were lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (10 mM sodium phosphate [pH 7.2], 10 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 40 mM sodium fluoride, 0.1% SDS, 1 µg of aprotinin per ml).

Radioimmunoprecipitation. Radioimmunoprecipitation was performed essentially as previously described (33), except that cleared lysates were preadsorbed by the addition of 5 µl of rabbit preimmune serum. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE (27). For SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions, sample buffer without 2-mercaptoethanol was used. For two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, precipitates were separated under nonreducing conditions in the first dimension. After electrophoresis, one lane was cut off and incubated for 15 min in 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) and for 15 min in SDS-PAGE sample buffer with 10% 2-mercaptoethanol. The gel slice was placed horizontally on a second gel, and electrophoresis was performed. Proteins were visualized by fluorography.

Immunofluorescence. RK13 cells grown on glass coverslips were infected at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 and incubated for 16 h at 37°C. Thereafter, cells were fixed in acetone for 30 s, rehydrated with PBS for 10 min, and incubated with specific antisera for 2 h at room temperature in a humid chamber. After incubation with secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit fluorescein isothiocyanate; Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) in a diluted (1:200) solution of 0.1% Evans' blue for 1 h at room temperature, cells were washed twice with PBS and once with distilled water, air dried, and overlaid with mounting buffer containing 90% glycerol and 2.5% 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)-octane. For surface fluorescence assays, infected cells were washed with PBS and incubated with primary antibodies on ice for 1 h. Subsequent incubations were carried out as described above.

Penetration kinetics. Entry kinetics were established as described before (35). Briefly, cells on six-well tissue culture dishes were infected with approximately 500 PFU of PrV(Ka), PrV-gN, or PrV-gNR per well for 1 h at 4°C. The inoculum was removed, and cells were overlaid with prewarmed medium to initiate penetration. Immediately and at different times thereafter, extracellular virus was inactivated by treatment of the monolayer for 2 min with 40 mM citric acid-10 mM KCl-135 mM NaCl (pH 3.0). Cells were washed with PBS and overlaid with methylcellulose medium. After 2 days, plaques were counted and the percent penetration was established by comparison to PBS-treated cells.

	RESULTS

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Absence of gN impairs penetration. Mutant PrV-gN was originally isolated on complementing, gN-expressing cells. However, this virus mutant also replicated on noncomplementing cells, and one-step growth kinetics revealed only a slight reduction in the in vitro replication efficiency of PrV-gN compared to those of PrV(Ka) and PrV-gNR. The final titers of PrV-gN consistently were approximately two- to fivefold lower (data not shown). To further search for phenotypic alterations associated with the absence of gN, the penetration kinetics of PrV-gN into MDBK and Vero cells were assayed in comparison with PrV(Ka) and PrV-gNR. As shown in Fig. 2, the entry of PrV-gN was delayed in both cell lines, whereas PrV(Ka) and PrV-gNR entered cells at similar rates. Thus, although gN is apparently not required for replication, its absence results in slower entry of PrV into target cells.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2.   Penetration kinetics of gN PrV. The entry kinetics of PrV(Ka), PrV-gN, and PrV-gNR into MDBK (A) and Vero (B) cells were assayed by citrate inactivation of extracellular virus at different times after temperature shift. The percentage of plaques at a given time point calculated in comparison with PBS-treated control plates is shown. Data are averages of five independent experiments. Vertical lines indicate standard deviations.

Immunofluorescence in infected cells. To test for intracellular presence and membrane localization of gN in infected cells, immunofluorescence assays were performed with anti-gN serum and permeabilized and live cells. As shown in Fig. 3A, permeabilized cells exhibited bright fluorescence, whereas gN was not stained by the antibodies in live nonpermeabilized cells (Fig. 3B). In contrast, gD was detected by a monospecific serum (22) in both permeabilized (Fig. 3C) and live (Fig. 3D) cells, demonstrating the localization of gD to the plasma membrane. This finding is surprising since gN appears to be accessible to antibodies in the virion envelope, as shown by immunoelectron microscopy (19). It is unclear whether gN is not translocated to the plasma membrane or whether it is present but not detectable by the antiserum used.

View larger version (101K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3.   Immunofluorescence. Acetone-fixed (A and C) and live (B and D) RK13 cells infected with PrV(Ka) were incubated with anti-gN serum (A and B) or anti-gD serum (C and D). Bound primary antibodies were detected with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibody, followed by fluorescence microscopy. Magnification, ×140.

gN forms a heteromeric disulfide-linked complex. After electrophoresis under reducing conditions and Western blotting, anti-gN serum detected two proteins of 14 and 12 kDa in lysates of PrV(Ka) virions (Fig. 4, lane 1). The higher-molecular-weight protein represents mature O-glycosylated gN, whereas the lower-molecular-weight polypeptide presumably constitutes an under- or nonglycosylated form. Interestingly, under nonreducing conditions, only a small amount of 14-kDa gN was observed, whereas two other signals (at 56 and >85 kDa) appeared (Fig. 4, lane 2). This indicates that the major portion of intracellular gN is contained within disulfide-linked complexes. Since under reducing conditions only gN was detected, either the complexes consist solely of gN or they contain heterologous proteins which are not recognized by anti-gN serum after reduction.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4.   Western blot of purified virions. Gradient-purified PrV(Ka) virions were separated by SDS-13% PAGE under reducing (+ME) or nonreducing (ME) conditions, transferred to nitrocellulose, and incubated with anti-gN serum. After incubation with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, bound antibodies were detected by chemiluminescence. The positions of molecular mass markers are shown on the left. ME, 2-mercaptoethanol.

View larger version (64K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5.   Radioimmunoprecipitation of virion proteins. PrV(Ka) (lanes 1 and 3) or PrV-gN (lanes 2 and 4) virions were labelled with Tran35S-label (ICN), purified, lysed, and precipitated with anti-gD serum (lanes 1 and 2) or anti-gN serum (lanes 3 and 4). Precipitates were separated by SDS-13% PAGE under reducing (+ME) or nonreducing (ME) conditions and visualized by fluorography. The positions of molecular mass markers are shown on the left. ME, 2-mercaptoethanol.

View larger version (42K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6.   Radioimmunoprecipitation and two-dimensional electrophoresis. (A) The lysate of purified PrV(Ka) virions labelled with Tran35S-label (ICN) was precipitated with anti-gN serum. The precipitate was separated by SDS-10% PAGE under nonreducing (ME) conditions and visualized by fluorography. (B) An identical lane was cut off the gel and placed horizontally on an SDS-13% acrylamide gel after incubation in reducing buffer (+ME). After electrophoresis, proteins were visualized by fluorography. The positions of molecular mass markers are indicated. The arrow denotes the position of the dissociated complex. ME, 2-mercaptoethanol.

The 45-kDa complex partner is gM. The presence of a 45-kDa protein and a polypeptide with approximately twice that molecular mass is reminiscent of the appearance of gM on Western blots (8). To analyze whether gM and the 45-kDa complex partner are identical, radioimmunoprecipitations of cell lysates infected with PrV(Ka) (Fig. 7, lanes 1, 4, and 8), PrV-gM (lanes 2, 5, and 9) (9), and PrV-gN (lanes 3, 6, and 10) were performed. As controls, noninfected-cell lysates were included (Fig. 7, lanes 7 and 11). Lysates were precipitated with anti-gD serum (Fig. 7, lanes 1 through 3), anti-gN serum (lanes 4 through 7), or anti-gM serum (lanes 8 through 11). Anti-gD serum precipitated similar amounts of gD from all lysates (Fig. 7, lanes 1 through 3). In addition, as expected, the 45-kDa mature gM and the 35-kDa precursor (10) were precipitated by anti-gM serum from PrV(Ka)- and PrV-gN-infected cells (Fig. 7, lanes 8 and 10) but were absent in PrV-gM-infected cells (lane 9). Interestingly, proteins of 35 and 45 kDa were coprecipitated with gN from PrV(Ka)-infected cells (Fig. 7, lane 4) but were absent in PrV-gM-infected cells (lane 5). From PrV-gM-infected cells, only gN was precipitated by anti-gN serum. These results demonstrate that the 45- and 35-kDa proteins which were coprecipitated with gN by anti-gN serum from lysates of PrV(Ka)-infected cells indeed represent different forms of gM. Although in this exposure only the intracellular 12-kDa form of gN was visible, a longer exposure resulted in the detection of the 14-kDa mature gN and also showed coprecipitation of minor amounts of gN with anti-gM serum (data not shown).

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7.   Demonstration of a gM-gN complex. Lysates of cells infected with PrV(Ka) (lanes 1, 4, and 8), PrV-gM (lanes 2, 5, and 9), or PrV-gN (lanes 3, 6, and 10) or of noninfected cells (lanes 7 and 11) labelled with Tran35S-label (ICN) were precipitated with anti-gD serum (lanes 1 through 3), anti-gN serum (lanes 4 through 7), and anti-gM serum (lanes 8 through 11). Precipitates were separated by SDS-13% PAGE and visualized by fluorography. The positions of molecular mass markers are indicated on the left.

PrV-gM virions lack gN. To test for the presence of gN in PrV virions in the absence of gM, labelled PrV(Ka) (Fig. 8, lanes 1, 4, and 7), PrV-gM (lanes 2, 5, and 8), and PrV-gN (lanes 3, 6, and 9) virions were precipitated with antiserum directed against gD (lanes 1 through 3), gM (lanes 4 through 6), or gN (lanes 7 through 9) and precipitates were separated under reducing conditions. Anti-gM serum coprecipitated 45-kDa mature gM and 14-kDa mature gN from PrV(Ka) virions (Fig. 8, lane 4). From PrV-gN virions, only gM was precipitated (Fig. 8, lane 6); from PrV-gM virions, no protein was specifically precipitated (lane 5), as expected. Anti-gN serum also coprecipitated gM and gN from PrV(Ka) virions (Fig. 8, lane 7) and failed to precipitate a protein from PrV-gN virions (lane 9). However, anti-gN serum also failed to precipitate a protein from PrV-gM virions (Fig. 8, lane 8). This indicates that the presence of gM is required for virion localization of gN, whereas gM is found in the virion in the presence and absence of gN.

View larger version (63K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 8.   Absence of gN in gM virions. Purified virions of PrV(Ka) (lanes 1, 4, and 7), PrV-gM (lanes 2, 5, and 8), and PrV-gN (lanes 3, 6, and 9) labelled with Tran35S-label were lysed and precipitated with anti-gD serum (lanes 1 through 3), anti-gM serum (lanes 4 through 6), and anti-gN serum (lanes 7 through 9). Precipitates were separated by SDS-13% PAGE and visualized by fluorography. The positions of molecular mass markers are indicated on the left.

	DISCUSSION

Top Abstract Introduction Materials & Methods Results Discussion References

We previously reported that the product of the PrV gene homologous to HSV-1 UL49.5 is represented by an O-glycosylated structural component of the virion, gN (19). The salient findings of the present study are as follows. (i) gN is nonessential for PrV replication in cell culture, but its absence leads to a delay in penetration. (ii) gN is not accessible to antibodies on the surfaces of infected cells, as analyzed by immunofluorescence. (iii) gN forms a stable, disulfide-linked complex with gM. (iv) gN requires gM for virion localization.

Although our initial attempts to isolate a gN-negative PrV mutant on normal Vero cells were not successful and the isolation of PrV-gN was achieved only on gN-expressing, complementing cells, gN proved to be nonessential for viral replication in tissue culture. One-step growth kinetics revealed only marginal growth impairment. The failure to isolate this mutant virus on noncomplementing cells may have been associated with its delayed penetration, which would lead to a selective advantage for the wild-type phenotype. In line with this finding, earlier attempts to isolate a UL49.5-negative HSV-1 mutant were also unsuccessful (3). Whether HSV-1 UL49.5 is indeed essential remains to be seen. It is interesting, however, that the BHV-1 homolog is dispensable for replication (30), as is the PrV protein (this report).

Previously, the only serological reagent available to detect PrV gN was a rabbit serum directed against a bacterially expressed gN fusion protein lacking the first 18 amino acids of the deduced gN sequence (19). Although that serum was valuable in the first detection of gN on Western blots, it was unsatisfactory in other serological assays. Therefore, a serum against baculovirus-expressed gN was generated; it detected gN in Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assays (this report) but did not neutralize PrV infectivity in either the absence or presence of complement (data not shown). The failure to neutralize virus infectivity parallels the lack of reactivity of this antiserum with the surfaces of virus-infected cells. In contrast, immunoelectron microscopy showed labelling by anti-gN serum of seemingly intact virion envelopes in negatively-stained preparations, which correlates with the hydrophobicity profile prediction of a type 1 membrane protein (19, 43). One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that the external domain of gN is masked by interactions with other virion structures, e.g., gM, and that this masking is eliminated during the preparation of samples for electron microscopy. In addition, in infected cells, gN may not be transported efficiently to the surface or may be retrieved from there. Since PrV derives its envelope from trans-Golgi network vesicles (14, 45), virion envelope proteins need not be present in the plasma membrane for virion localization. Therefore, the exact orientation of gN in the virion envelope still has to be established unequivocally.

The most important result of these studies is the demonstration of a complex between gN and gM. Both proteins are apparently conserved throughout the Herpesviridae, which is remarkable since both have been found to be nonessential for viral replication, at least in PrV. The existence of a complex was demonstrated by coprecipitation of a 45-kDa protein with anti-gN antibodies, a molecular mass which corresponds to that of mature gM, and by the absence of this protein in a gM deletion mutant. Disulfide linkage of the complex constituents was indicated by the sensitivity of the complex to reducing conditions and by the release of gN after reduction of the complex in situ, as demonstrated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

For BHV-1, it was reported that the 8-kDa UL49.5 protein forms a disulfide-linked complex with another virion component of 39 kDa which may be located in the tegument, based on nonionic-detergent partition of purified virions (31). gM is predicted to be a multiply-membrane-spanning glycoprotein with eight predicted transmembrane domains (8). Thus, gM may interact tightly with tegument structures; this could influence its behavior in partition experiments. However, no characterization of the 39-kDa BHV-1 protein has so far been published. Given our data for the formation of a disulfide-linked complex between PrV gN and gM, it seems reasonable to speculate that BHV-1 gM is also part of a complex which involves the UL49.5 protein.

The deduced amino acid sequences of UL49.5 homologs (2-4, 6, 7, 19, 30, 39, 41, 42, 47) show poor overall conservation. The only strictly conserved amino acid is a cysteine residue in the N-terminal part of each deduced protein adjacent to the putative membrane anchor region, which corresponds to residue 49 in PrV gN. In the complex partner, gM, there is also one cysteine that is conserved in all gM homologs; it is located between the first and second hydrophobic domains (8). Since the single N-glycosylation site of PrV gM, which is the only N-glycosylation site conserved in all gM proteins, is also located in this region, this hydrophilic stretch must be exposed to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and consequently to the exterior of infected cells and virions. Thus, the conserved cysteine must also be positioned on the outside of the virion. As predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence, gN is a type 1 membrane protein (4, 19), and the conserved cysteine is expected to be exposed on the virion surface. Thus, an interaction between the two conserved cysteine residues appears to be possible. Site-directed mutagenesis of respective codons should finally clarify this issue.

Coimmunoprecipitates of gN and gM from infected-cell lysates contained immature and mature forms of both proteins, indicating that complex formation occurs at an early stage in biosynthesis. Anti-gN serum precipitated the 12-kDa immature and 14-kDa mature forms of gN and the 35-kDa immature and 45-kDa mature forms of gM. Anti-gM serum also precipitated these forms. From cells infected with PrV-gM, mainly the 12-kDa gN precursor was precipitated by anti-gN serum. This could be indicative of a delay in or inhibition of the maturation of gN in the absence of gM. A pulse-chase analysis of this phenomenon is under way. The results of our coprecipitation experiments (Fig. 7 and 8) also indicate that intracellularly (and possibly in virions) there is a significant amount of noncomplexed gM, whereas most of gN appeared to be complexed to gM.

Lastly, gN was not detected in PrV virions in the absence of gM. A similar situation is found for another glycoprotein complex, gH-gL. gL requires the presence of gH for virion localization. Most likely, gL is anchored in the virion envelope via gH since it lacks a predicted transmembrane anchor (25). In contrast, PrV gH reaches the envelope in the absence of gL. For the gM-gN complex, gN requires gM for virion localization, whereas gM is present in the virion in the absence of gN. So far, it is unclear why gN is excluded from virions in the absence of gM. As predicted from the secondary structure, gN specifies a carboxy-terminal transmembrane anchor. Thus, the dependence of gN on gM for anchoring in the virion envelope appears to be unlikely. However, formation of the complex early after synthesis may be required for proper intracellular sorting of gN, which eventually leads to integration into virions. In the absence of gM, this sorting may be impaired or abolished. In agreement with this assumption, mainly the immature 12-kDa precursor form of gN was detected in lysates of cells infected with gM-negative PrV.

The fact that gN requires gM for virion localization may have implications for the functional defects previously ascribed to the absence of gM (8, 9). gM-negative PrV mutants produce 10- to 50-fold-reduced titers in cell culture and exhibit a delay in penetration into MDBK and Vero cells. Whereas the gN mutant did not appear to be significantly impaired in replication, it exhibited a similar delay in penetration. Thus, the replication defect of gM PrV can be ascribed to the absence of gM, whereas the defect in penetration may be due to the lack of gM, gN, or both. Since virions containing gM but missing gN exhibit an impairment of penetration similar to that of virions lacking gM (and consequently gN), it seems reasonable to assume that gN alone or the gM-gN complex is involved in penetration.

gM-negative PrV also exhibited a strongly attenuated phenotype in its natural host, pigs (9). As discussed above, it is unclear whether this phenotype is attributable to gM or gN solely or to the gM-gN complex. Presumably, both the less efficient replication observed in the absence of gM and the penetration defect associated with the lack of gN contribute to the attenuated character of PrV-gM.

Experiments to isolate a PrV mutant unable to express both gM and gN are under way to help in further elucidating the function of the gM-gN complex in PrV replication.