Clonogenic Assay of Type A Influenza Viruses Reveals Noninfectious Cell-Killing (Apoptosis-Inducing) Particles^a

Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: philip.marcus{at}uconn.edu.

	Abstract

Clonogenic (single-cell plating) assays were used to define and quantify subpopulations of two genetically closely related variants of influenza virus A/TK/OR/71 that differed primarily in the size of the NS1 gene product: they expressed full-size (aa 1-230), or truncated (aa 1-124) NS1 protein. Monolayers of Vero cells were infected with different amounts of virus, monodispersed, and plated. Cell survival curves were generated from the fraction of cells that produced visible colonies as a function of virus multiplicity. The exponential loss of colony-forming capacity at low multiplicities demonstrated that a single virus particle sufficed to kill a cell. The ratios of cell-killing particles (CKP): plaque-forming particles (PFP) were 1:1, and 7:1 in populations of variants NS1_1-124 and NS1_1-230, respectively. This study revealed a new class of particles in influenza virus populations --noninfectious CKP. Both infectious and noninfectious CKP were 6.3-times more resistant to UV radiation than PFP activity. Based on UV target theory, a functional polymerase subunit was implicated in a rate-limiting step in cell killing. Since influenza viruses kill cells by apoptosis (programmed cell death), cell-killing particles are functionally apoptosis-inducing particles (AIP). Noninfectious CKP are present in excess of PFP in virus populations with full-size NS1 and induce apoptosis that is temporally delayed and morphologically different than that initiated by infectious CKP present in the virus population expressing the truncated NS1. The identification and quantification of both infectious and noninfectious CKP defines new phenotypes in influenza virus populations and presents a challenge to determine their role in regulating infectivity, pathogenesis, and vaccine efficacy.