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Journal of Virology, April 2009, p. 3187-3199, Vol. 83, No. 7
0022-538X/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01579-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Herpes Simplex Virus Utilizes the Large Secretory Vesicle Pathway for Anterograde Transport of Tegument and Envelope Proteins and for Viral Exocytosis from Growth Cones of Human Fetal Axons{triangledown}

Monica Miranda-Saksena,1* Ross A. Boadle,1,2 Anupriya Aggarwal,1 Bibing Tijono,1 Frazer J. Rixon,3 Russell J. Diefenbach,1 and Anthony L. Cunningham1

Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,1 Electron Microscope Laboratory, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,2 MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom3

Received 25 July 2008/ Accepted 16 January 2009

Axonal transport of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) is essential for viral infection and spread in the peripheral nervous system of the host. Therefore, the virus probably utilizes existing active transport and targeting mechanisms in neurons for virus assembly and spread from neurons to skin. In the present study, we used transmission immnunoelectron microscopy to investigate the nature and origin of vesicles involved in the anterograde axonal transport of HSV-1 tegument and envelope proteins and of vesicles surrounding partially and fully enveloped capsids in growth cones. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of virus assembly and exit from axons of human fetal dorsal root ganglia neurons. We demonstrated that viral tegument and envelope proteins can travel in axons independently of viral capsids and were transported to the axon terminus in two types of transport vesicles, tubulovesicular membrane structures and large dense-cored vesicles. These vesicles and membrane carriers were derived from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and contained key proteins, such as Rab3A, SNAP-25, GAP-43, and kinesin-1, involved in the secretory and exocytic pathways in axons. These proteins were also observed on fully and partially enveloped capsids in growth cones and on extracellular virions. Our findings provide further evidence to the subassembly model of separate transport in axons of unenveloped capsids from envelope and tegument proteins with final virus assembly occurring at the axon terminus. We postulate that HSV-1 capsids invaginate tegument- and envelope-bearing TGN-derived vesicles and utilize the large secretory vesicle pathway of exocytosis for exit from axons.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, P.O. Box 412, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. Phone: 61298459114. Fax: 61298459100. E-mail: monica_miranda{at}wmi.usyd.edu.au

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 28 January 2009.

Journal of Virology, April 2009, p. 3187-3199, Vol. 83, No. 7
0022-538X/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01579-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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