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Journal of Virology, August 2009, p. 7547-7559, Vol. 83, No. 15
0022-538X/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00015-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Restriction of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus by Equine APOBEC3 Cytidine Deaminases {triangledown} ,{dagger}

Jörg Zielonka,1,3 Ignacio G. Bravo,2 Daniela Marino,1,3 Elea Conrad,1 Mario Perkovic,1,3 Marion Battenberg,1 Klaus Cichutek,1 and Carsten Münk1,3*

Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany,1 Centre for Public Health Research, Valencia, Spain,2 Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany3

Received 5 January 2009/ Accepted 11 May 2009

The mammalian APOBEC3 (A3) proteins comprise a multigene family of cytidine deaminases that act as potent inhibitors of retroviruses and retrotransposons. The A3 locus on the chromosome 28 of the horse genome contains multiple A3 genes: two copies of A3Z1, five copies of A3Z2, and a single copy of A3Z3, indicating a complex evolution of multiple gene duplications. We have cloned and analyzed for expression the different equine A3 genes and examined as well the subcellular distribution of the corresponding proteins. Additionally, we have tested the functional antiretroviral activity of the equine and of several of the human and nonprimate A3 proteins against the Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), the Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and the Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2). Hematopoietic cells of horses express at least five different A3s: A3Z1b, A3Z2a-Z2b, A3Z2c-Z2d, A3Z2e, and A3Z3, whereas circulating macrophages, the natural target of EIAV, express only part of the A3 repertoire. The five A3Z2 tandem copies arose after three consecutive, recent duplication events in the horse lineage, after the split between Equidae and Carnivora. The duplicated genes show different antiviral activities against different viruses: equine A3Z3 and A3Z2c-Z2d are potent inhibitors of EIAV while equine A3Z1b, A3Z2a-Z2b, A3Z2e showed only weak anti-EIAV activity. Equine A3Z1b and A3Z3 restricted AAV and all equine A3s, except A3Z1b, inhibited SIV. We hypothesize that the horse A3 genes are undergoing a process of subfunctionalization in their respective viral specificities, which might provide the evolutionary advantage for keeping five copies of the original gene.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Building 23.12.U1.87, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Phone: 49 211 81 10887. Fax: 49 211 81 15431. E-mail: carsten.muenk{at}med.uni-duesseldorf.de

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 20 May 2009.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jvi.asm.org/.

Journal of Virology, August 2009, p. 7547-7559, Vol. 83, No. 15
0022-538X/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00015-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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