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Journal of Virology, April 2008, p. 3500-3508, Vol. 82, No. 7
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.02536-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

IRF-3 Activation by Sendai Virus Infection Is Required for Cellular Apoptosis and Avoidance of Persistence

Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195

Received 27 November 2007/ Accepted 16 January 2008

Here, we report that specific manipulations of the cellular response to virus infection can cause prevention of apoptosis and consequent establishment of persistent infection. Infection of several human cell lines with Sendai virus (SeV) or human parainfluenza virus 3, two prototypic paramyxoviruses, caused slow apoptosis, which was markedly accelerated upon blocking the action of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3 kinases) in the infected cells. The observed apoptosis required viral gene expression and the action of the caspase 8 pathway. Although virus infection activated PI3 kinase, as indicated by AKT activation, its blockage did not inhibit JNK activation or IRF-3 activation. The action of neither the Jak-STAT pathway nor the NF-B pathway was required for apoptosis. In contrast, IRF-3 activation was essential, although induction of the proapototic protein TRAIL by IRF-3 was not required. When IRF-3 was absent or its activation by the RIG-I pathway was blocked, SeV established persistent infection, as documented by viral protein production and infectious virus production. Introduction of IRF-3 in the persistently infected cells restored the cells' ability to undergo apoptosis. These results demonstrated that in our model system, IRF-3 controlled the fate of the SeV-infected cells by promoting apoptosis and preventing persistence.

Published ahead of print on 23 January 2008.

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