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Journal of Virology, February 2008, p. 1350-1359, Vol. 82, No. 3
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01615-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Induction of Heterosubtypic Immunity to Influenza Virus by Intranasal Immunization{triangledown}

Fu-Shi Quan,1 Richard W. Compans,1 Huan H. Nguyen,2,{dagger} and Sang-Moo Kang1*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,1 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama2

Received 24 July 2007/ Accepted 8 November 2007

Recovery from live influenza virus infection is known to induce heterosubtypic immunity. In contrast, immunity induced by inactivated vaccines is predominantly subtype specific. In this study, we investigated the heterosubtypic protective immunity induced by inactivated influenza virus. Intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated influenza virus A/PR8 (H1N1) provided complete protection against the homologous virus and a drift virus within the same subtype, A/WSN (H1N1), but not against the heterosubtypic virus A/Philippines (H3N2). However, coadministration of inactivated virus with cholera toxin as an adjuvant conferred complete heterosubtypic protection, without observed illness, even under conditions of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell depletion. Analysis of immune correlates prior to challenge and postchallenge indicated that humoral immune responses with cross-neutralizing activity in lungs and in sera play a major role in conferring protective immunity against heterosubtypic challenge. This study has significant implications for developing broadly cross-reactive vaccines against newly emerging pathogenic influenza viruses.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322. Phone: (404) 727-3228. Fax: (404) 727-3659. E-mail: skang2{at}emory.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 21 November 2007.

{dagger} Present address: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul National University (SNU) Research Park, San 4-8, Bongcheon-7-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-919, Korea.

Journal of Virology, February 2008, p. 1350-1359, Vol. 82, No. 3
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01615-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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