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Journal of Virology, December 2008, p. 12422-12431, Vol. 82, No. 24
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01586-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Bovine-Like Coronaviruses Isolated from Four Species of Captive Wild Ruminants Are Homologous to Bovine Coronaviruses, Based on Complete Genomic Sequences{triangledown}

Konstantin P. Alekseev ,1,{dagger},{ddagger} Anastasia N. Vlasova,1,{dagger} Kwonil Jung,1 Mustafa Hasoksuz,2 Xinsheng Zhang,3 Rebecca Halpin,4 Shiliang Wang,4 Elodie Ghedin,4 David Spiro,5 and Linda J. Saif1*

Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691-4096,1 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey,2 AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 760 Parkside Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11226,3 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261,4 The J. Craig Ventor Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 208505

Received 25 July 2008/ Accepted 29 September 2008

We sequenced and analyzed the full-length genomes of four coronaviruses (CoVs), each from a distinct wild-ruminant species in Ohio: sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), a waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), a sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), and a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The fecal samples from the sambar deer, the waterbuck, and the white-tailed deer were collected during winter dysentery outbreaks and sporadic diarrhea cases in 1993 and 1994 (H. Tsunemitsu, Z. R. el-Kanawati, D. R. Smith, H. H. Reed, and L. J. Saif, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3264-3269, 1995). A fecal sample from a sable antelope was collected in 2003 from an Ohio wild-animal habitat during the same outbreak when a bovine-like CoV from a giraffe (GiCoV) was isolated (M. Hasoksuz, K. Alekseev, A. Vlasova, X. Zhang, D. Spiro, R. Halpin, S. Wang, E. Ghedin, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 81:4981-4990, 2007). For two of the CoVs (sambar deer and waterbuck), complete genomes from both the cell culture-adapted and gnotobiotic-calf-passaged strains were also sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetically, wild-ruminant CoVs belong to group 2a CoVs, with the closest relatedness to recent bovine CoV (BCoV) strains. High nucleotide identities (99.4 to 99.6%) among the wild-ruminant strains and recent BCoV strains (BCoV-LUN and BCoV-ENT, isolated in 1998) further confirm the close relatedness. Comparative genetic analysis of CoVs of captive wild ruminants with BCoV strains suggests that no specific genomic markers are present that allow discrimination between the bovine strains and bovine-like CoVs from captive wild ruminants; furthermore, no specific genetic markers were identified that defined cell cultured or calf-passaged strains or the host origin of strains. The results of this study confirm prior reports of biologic and antigenic similarities between bovine and wild-ruminant CoVs and suggest that cattle may be reservoirs for CoVs that infect captive wild ruminants or vice versa and that these CoVs may represent host range variants of an ancestral CoV.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691. Phone: (330) 263-3744. Fax: (330) 263-3677. E-mail: saif.2{at}osu.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 8 October 2006.

{dagger} The first two authors contributed equally to the paper.

{ddagger} Present address: Applied Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Ivanovsky Institute for Virology, Gamalei Street, 10 123098 Moscow, Russia.

Journal of Virology, December 2008, p. 12422-12431, Vol. 82, No. 24
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01586-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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