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Journal of Virology, November 2008, p. 11467-11471, Vol. 82, No. 22
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01143-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Antiretroviral Therapy prior to Acute Viral Replication Preserves CD4 T Cells in the Periphery but Not in Rectal Mucosa during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection {triangledown}

Muhamuda Kader,1 Wail M. Hassan,1 Matthew Eberly,1 Michael Piatak,2 Jeffrey D. Lifson,2 Mario Roederer,3 and Joseph J. Mattapallil1*

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814,1 NCI, SAIC, Frederick, Maryland 21702,2 Vaccine Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 208923

Received 1 June 2008/ Accepted 28 August 2008

The rectal mucosa is a major site for human immunodeficiency virus entry and CD4 T-cell depletion. The early and near-total loss of these cells from the rectal mucosa severely compromises the ability of the mucosal immune system to control various opportunistic infections. Protecting these cells from infection and destruction can delay disease progression, leading to a better long-term outcome. Here we show that effective suppression of viral infection in memory CD4 T cells from the rectal mucosa and peripheral blood to a very low level with antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiated prior to the peak of infection is associated with opposite outcomes in these tissues. A near-total loss of CD4 T cells in the rectal mucosa contrasted with preservation of most memory CD4 T cells in peripheral blood during the course of treatment. Interestingly, ART significantly reduced viral infection in memory CD4 T cells from both rectal mucosa and peripheral blood. Although early ART was of limited value in protecting the CD4 T cells in the rectal mucosa, the significant preservation of peripheral CD4 T cells could contribute to maintaining immune competence, leading to a better long-term outcome.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Room B4068, Bethesda, MD 20814. Phone: (301) 295-3737. Fax: (301) 295-3773. E-mail: jmattapallil{at}usuhs.mil

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 3 September 2008.

Journal of Virology, November 2008, p. 11467-11471, Vol. 82, No. 22
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01143-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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