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Journal of Virology, September 2008, p. 9206-9215, Vol. 82, No. 18
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00399-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Circulating Recombinant Forms 08_BC and 07_BC in Asia{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Kok Keng Tee,1,2 Oliver G. Pybus,3 Xiao-Jie Li,1,{ddagger} Xiaoxu Han,4 Hong Shang,4 Adeeba Kamarulzaman,2 and Yutaka Takebe1,4*

Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Epidemiology, AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,1 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom,3 Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, The People's Republic of China4

Received 25 February 2008/ Accepted 24 June 2008

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CRF08_BC and CRF07_BC are two major recombinants descended from subtypes B' and C. Despite their massive epidemic impact in China, their migration patterns and divergence times remain unknown. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were performed on 228 HIV-1 sequences representing CRF08_BC, CRF07_BC, and subtype C strains from different locations across China, India, and Myanmar. Genome-specific rates of evolution and divergence times were estimated using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo framework under various evolutionary models. CRF08_BC originated in 1990.3 (95% credible region [CR], 1988.6 to 1991.9) in Yunnan province before spreading to Guangxi (south) and Liaoning (northeast) around 1995. Inside Guangxi region, the eastward expansion of CRF08_BC continued from Baise city (west) to Binyang (central) between 1997 and 1998 and later spread into Pingxiang around 1999 in the south, mainly through injecting drug users. Additionally, CRF07_BC diverged from its common ancestor in 1993.3 (95% CR, 1991.2 to 1995.2) before crossing the border into southern Taiwan in late 1990s. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that both CRF08_BC and CRF07_BC can trace their origins to Yunnan. The parental Indian subtype C lineage likely entered China around 1981.2 (95% CR, 1976.7 to 1985.9). Using a multiple unlinked locus model, we also showed that the dates of divergence calculated in this study may not be significantly affected by intrasubtype recombination among different lineages. This is the first phylodynamic study depicting the spatiotemporal dynamics of HIV/AIDS in East Asia.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Epidemiology, AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. Phone: 8 13 5285 1111, ext. 2537. Fax: 81 3 5285 1258. E-mail: takebe{at}nih.go.jp

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 2 July 2008.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jvi.asm.org/.

{ddagger} Present address: Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, The People's Republic of China.

Journal of Virology, September 2008, p. 9206-9215, Vol. 82, No. 18
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00399-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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