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Journal of Virology, July 2008, p. 6209-6217, Vol. 82, No. 13
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00251-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genetic Analysis of Israel Acute Paralysis Virus: Distinct Clusters Are Circulating in the United States

G. Palacios,^1*, J. Hui,^1, P. L. Quan,¹ A. Kalkstein,² K. S. Honkavuori,¹ A. V. Bussetti,¹ S. Conlan,¹ J. Evans,³ Y. P. Chen,³ D. vanEngelsdorp,⁴ H. Efrat,⁵ J. Pettis,³ D. Cox-Foster,² E. C. Holmes,⁶ T. Briese,¹ and W. I. Lipkin¹

Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York,¹ Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania,² Bee Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland,³ Bureau of Plant Industry-Apiculture, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,⁴ Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel,⁵ Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania⁶

Received 4 February 2008/ Accepted 14 April 2008

Israel acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is associated with colony collapse disorder of honey bees. Nonetheless, its role in the pathogenesis of the disorder and its geographic distribution are unclear. Here, we report phylogenetic analysis of IAPV obtained from bees in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Israel and the establishment of diagnostic real-time PCR assays for IAPV detection. Our data indicate the existence of at least three distinct IAPV lineages, two of them circulating in the United States. Analysis of representatives from each proposed lineage suggested the possibility of recombination events and revealed differences in coding sequences that may have implications for virulence.

Published ahead of print on 23 April 2008.

G.P. and J.H. contributed equally.