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Journal of Virology, May 2008, p. 5031-5042, Vol. 82, No. 10
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.02069-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Systemic and Brain Macrophage Infections in Relation to the Development of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis{triangledown}

Stephanie J. Bissel,1,{dagger} Guoji Wang,1 Dafna Bonneh-Barkay,1 Adam Starkey,1 Anita M. Trichel,2 Michael Murphey-Corb,2 and Clayton A. Wiley1*

Departments of Pathology,1 Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania2

Received 18 September 2007/ Accepted 27 February 2008

The brains of individuals with lentiviral-associated encephalitis contain an abundance of infected and activated macrophages. It has been hypothesized that encephalitis develops when increased numbers of infected monocytes traffic into the central nervous system (CNS) during the end stages of immunosuppression. The relationships between the infection of brain and systemic macrophages and circulating monocytes and the development of lentiviral encephalitis are unknown. We longitudinally examined the extent of monocyte/macrophage infection in blood and lymph nodes of pigtailed macaques that did or did not develop simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (SIVE). Compared to levels in macaques that did not develop SIVE, more ex vivo virus production was detected from monocyte-derived macrophages and nonadherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from macaques that did develop SIVE. Prior to death, there was an increase in the number of circulating PBMCs following a rise in cerebrospinal fluid viral load in macaques that did develop SIVE but not in nonencephalitic macaques. At necropsy, macaques with SIVE had more infected macrophages in peripheral organs, with the exception of lymph nodes. T cells and NK cells with cytotoxic potential were more abundant in brains with encephalitis; however, T-cell and NK-cell infiltration in SIVE and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis was more modest than that observed in classical acute herpes simplex virus encephalitis. These findings support the hypothesis that inherent differences in host systemic and CNS monocyte/macrophage viral production are associated with the development of encephalitis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, A506, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Phone: (412) 647-0765. Fax: (412) 647-5602. E-mail: claytonwiley{at}comcast.net

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 12 March 2008.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.

Journal of Virology, May 2008, p. 5031-5042, Vol. 82, No. 10
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.02069-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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