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Journal of Virology, March 2007, p. 2472-2484, Vol. 81, No. 5
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.02073-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The Old World and New World Alphaviruses Use Different Virus-Specific Proteins for Induction of Transcriptional Shutoff{triangledown}

Natalia Garmashova,1 Rodion Gorchakov,1 Eugenia Volkova,1 Slobodan Paessler,3 Elena Frolova,1,2 and Ilya Frolov1*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019,1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1072,2 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-06093

Received 21 September 2006/ Accepted 26 October 2006

Alphaviruses are widely distributed throughout the world. During the last few thousand years, the New World viruses, including Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), evolved separately from those of the Old World, i.e., Sindbis virus (SINV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Nevertheless, the results of our study indicate that both groups have developed the same characteristic: their replication efficiently interferes with cellular transcription and the cell response to virus replication. Transcriptional shutoff caused by at least two of the Old World alphaviruses, SINV and SFV, which belong to different serological complexes, depends on nsP2, but not on the capsid protein, functioning. Our data suggest that the New World alphaviruses VEEV and EEEV developed an alternative mechanism of transcription inhibition that is mainly determined by their capsid protein, but not by the nsP2. The ability of the VEEV capsid to inhibit cellular transcription appears to be controlled by the amino-terminal fragment of the protein, but not by its protease activity or by the positively charged RNA-binding domain. These data provide new insights into alphavirus evolution and present a plausible explanation for the particular recombination events that led to the formation of western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) from SINV- and EEEV-like ancestors. The recombination allowed WEEV to acquire capsid protein functioning in transcription inhibition from EEEV-like virus. Identification of the new functions in the New World alphavirus-derived capsids opens an opportunity for developing new, safer alphavirus-based gene expression systems and designing new types of attenuated vaccine strains of VEEV and EEEV.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1019. Phone: (409) 772-2327. Fax: (409) 772-5065. E-mail: ivfrolov{at}UTMB.edu.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 15 November 2006.

Journal of Virology, March 2007, p. 2472-2484, Vol. 81, No. 5
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.02073-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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