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Journal of Virology, February 2007, p. 1786-1795, Vol. 81, No. 4
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01420-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Nonstructural Proteins of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Suppress Premature Apoptosis by an NF-{kappa}B-Dependent, Interferon-Independent Mechanism and Facilitate Virus Growth{triangledown}

Vira Bitko,1 Olena Shulyayeva,1 Barsanjit Mazumder,2 Alla Musiyenko,1 Murali Ramaswamy,3 Dwight C. Look,3 and Sailen Barik1*

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Blvd., Mobile, Alabama 36688-0002,1 Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, College of Science, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 522423

Received 6 July 2006/ Accepted 21 November 2006

The two nonstructural (NS) proteins NS1 and NS2 of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are abundantly expressed in the infected cell but are not packaged in mature progeny virions. We found that both proteins were expressed early in infection, whereas the infected cells underwent apoptosis much later. Coincident with NS protein expression, a number of cellular antiapoptotic factors were expressed or activated at early stages, which included NF-{kappa}B and phosphorylated forms of protein kinases AKT, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase, and glycogen synthase kinase. Using specific short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we achieved significant knockdown of one or both NS proteins in the infected cell, which resulted in abrogation of the antiapoptotic functions and led to early apoptosis. NS-dependent suppression of apoptosis was observed in Vero cells that are naturally devoid of type I interferons (IFN). The siRNA-based results were confirmed by the use of NS-deleted RSV mutants. Early activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the RSV-infected cell did not require NS proteins. Premature apoptosis triggered by the loss of NS or by apoptosis-promoting drugs caused a severe reduction of RSV growth. Finally, recombinantly expressed NS1 and NS2, individually and together, reduced apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor alpha, suggesting an intrinsic antiapoptotic property of both. We conclude that the early-expressed nonstructural proteins of RSV boost viral replication by delaying the apoptosis of the infected cell via a novel IFN- and EGFR-independent pathway.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Blvd., Mobile, AL 36688-0002. Phone: (251) 460-6860. Fax: (251) 460-6850. E-mail: sbarik{at}jaguar1.usouthal.edu.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 6 December 2006.

Journal of Virology, February 2007, p. 1786-1795, Vol. 81, No. 4
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01420-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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