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Journal of Virology, December 2007, p. 13180-13190, Vol. 81, No. 23
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01400-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Atraumatic Oral Spray Immunization with Replication-Deficient Viral Vector Vaccines{triangledown}

Christiane Stahl-Hennig,1,{dagger} Seraphin Kuate,2,{dagger} Monika Franz,1 You S. Suh,1 Heribert Stoiber,3 Ulrike Sauermann,1 Klara Tenner-Racz,4 Stephen Norley,5 Ki S. Park,6 Young C. Sung,6 Ralph Steinman,7 Paul Racz,4 and Klaus Überla2*

Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany,1 Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,2 Institute of Hygiene and Social Medicine, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,3 Bernhard-Nocht-Institute, Hamburg, Germany,4 Robert-Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany,5 Cellular Immunology Lab, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea,6 The Rockefeller University, New York, New York7

Received 27 June 2007/ Accepted 12 September 2007

The development of needle-free vaccines is one of the recently defined "grand challenges in global health" (H. Varmus, R. Klausner, R. Klausner, R. Zerhouni, T. Acharya, A. S. Daar, and P. A. Singer, Science 302:398-399, 2003). To explore whether a natural pathway to the inductive site of the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue could be exploited for atraumatic immunization purposes, replication-deficient viral vector vaccines were sprayed directly onto the tonsils of rhesus macaques. Tonsillar immunization with viral vector vaccines encoding simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens induced cellular and humoral immune responses. Viral RNA levels after a stringent SIV challenge were reduced, providing a level of protection similar to that observed after systemic immunization with the same vaccines. Thus, atraumatic oral spray immunization with replication-deficient vectors can overcome the epithelial barrier, deliver the vaccine antigen to the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, and avoid induction of tolerance, providing a novel approach to circumvent acceptability problems of syringe and needle vaccines for children and in developing countries.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. Phone: 49-234-3223189. Fax: 49-234-3214352. E-mail: klaus.ueberla{at}ruhr-uni-bochum.de

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 26 September 2007.

{dagger} These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.

Journal of Virology, December 2007, p. 13180-13190, Vol. 81, No. 23
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01400-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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