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N-Glycolyl GM1 Ganglioside as a Receptor for Simian Virus 40 ^,

Maria A. Campanero-Rhodes,^1, Alicia Smith,^2, Wengang Chai,^1, Sandro Sonnino,³ Laura Mauri,³ Robert A. Childs,¹ Yibing Zhang,¹ Helge Ewers,² Ari Helenius,² Anne Imberty,⁴ and Ten Feizi^1*

Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom,¹ Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 18, ETH Hoenggerberg HPM E 10.1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland,² Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (Milan), Italy,³ CERMAV-CNRS, 601 rue de la Chimie, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France⁴

Received 15 June 2007/ Accepted 5 September 2007

Carbohydrate microarrays have emerged as powerful tools in analyses of microbe-host interactions. Using a microarray with 190 sequence-defined oligosaccharides in the form of natural glycolipids and neoglycolipids representative of diverse mammalian glycans, we examined interactions of simian virus 40 (SV40) with potential carbohydrate receptors. While the results confirmed the high specificity of SV40 for the ganglioside GM1, they also revealed that N-glycolyl GM1 ganglioside [GM1(Gc)], which is characteristic of simian species and many other nonhuman mammals, is a better ligand than the N-acetyl analog [GM1(Ac)] found in mammals, including humans. After supplementing glycolipid-deficient GM95 cells with GM1(Ac) and GM1(Gc) gangliosides and the corresponding neoglycolipids with phosphatidylethanolamine lipid groups, it was found that GM1(Gc) analogs conferred better virus binding and infectivity. Moreover, we visualized the interaction of NeuGc with VP1 protein of SV40 by molecular modeling and identified a conformation for GM1(Gc) ganglioside in complex with the virus VP1 pentamer that is compatible with its presentation as a membrane receptor. Our results open the way not only to detailed studies of SV40 infection in relation to receptor expression in host cells but also to the monitoring of changes that may occur with time in receptor usage by the virus.

Published ahead of print on 12 September 2007.

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jvi.asm.org/.

These authors contributed equally to this work.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Neu, U., Woellner, K., Gauglitz, G., Stehle, T. (2008). Structural basis of GM1 ganglioside recognition by simian virus 40. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 5219-5224 [Abstract] [Full Text]