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Journal of Virology, November 2007, p. 12641-12653, Vol. 81, No. 22
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00843-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Phylogenetic Diversity among Low-Virulence Newcastle Disease Viruses from Waterfowl and Shorebirds and Comparison of Genotype Distributions to Those of Poultry-Origin Isolates{triangledown} ,{dagger}

L. Mia Kim,1,{ddagger} Daniel J. King,1 Phillip E. Curry,1 David L. Suarez,1 David E. Swayne,1 David E. Stallknecht,2 Richard D. Slemons,3 Janice C. Pedersen,4 Dennis A. Senne,4 Kevin Winker,5 and Claudio L. Afonso1*

USDA ARS Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, Georgia 30605,1 Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602,2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210,3 USDA APHIS VS, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory-Avian Section, Ames, Iowa 50010,4 University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 997755

Received 19 April 2007/ Accepted 20 August 2007

Low-virulence Newcastle disease viruses (loNDV) are frequently recovered from wild bird species, but little is known about their distribution, genetic diversity, or potential to cause disease in poultry. NDV isolates recovered from cloacal samples of apparently healthy waterfowl and shorebirds (WS) in the United States during 1986 to 2005 were examined for genomic diversity and their potential for virulence (n = 249). In addition 19 loNDV isolates from U.S. live bird markets (LBMs) were analyzed and found to be genetically distinct from NDV used in live vaccines but related to WS-origin NDV. Phylogenetic analysis of the fusion protein identified nine novel genotypes among the class I NDV, and new genomic subgroups were identified among genotypes I and II of the class II viruses. The WS-origin viruses exhibited broad genetic and antigenic diversity, and some WS genotypes displayed a closer phylogenetic relationship to LBM-origin NDV. All NDV were predicted to be lentogenic based upon sequencing of the fusion cleavage site, intracerebral pathogenicity index, or mean death time in embryo assays. The USDA real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay, which targets the matrix gene, identified nearly all of the class II NDV tested but failed to detect class I viruses from both LBM and WS. The close phylogenetic proximity of some WS and LBM loNDV suggests that viral transmission may occur among wild birds and poultry; however, these events may occur unnoticed due to the broad genetic diversity of loNDV, the lentogenic presentation in birds, and the limitations of current rapid diagnostic tools.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: USDA ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605. Phone: (706) 546-3642. Fax: (706) 546-3161. E-mail: Claudio.Afonso{at}ars.usda.gov

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 12 September 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jvi.asm.org/.

{ddagger} Present address: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Bureau of Laboratories, Molecular Microbiology Division, 8231 Parklane Rd., Columbia, SC 29223.

Journal of Virology, November 2007, p. 12641-12653, Vol. 81, No. 22
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00843-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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  • Cattoli, G., De Battisti, C., Marciano, S., Ormelli, S., Monne, I., Terregino, C., Capua, I. (2009). False-Negative Results of a Validated Real-Time PCR Protocol for Diagnosis of Newcastle Disease Due to Genetic Variability of the Matrix Gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 3791-3792 [Full Text]  
  • Kim, L. M., King, D. J., Guzman, H., Tesh, R. B., da Rosa, A. P. A. T., Bueno, R. Jr., Dennett, J. A., Afonso, C. L. (2008). Biological and Phylogenetic Characterization of Pigeon Paramyxovirus Serotype 1 Circulating in Wild North American Pigeons and Doves. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 3303-3310 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Afonso, C. L. (2008). Not So Fast on Recombination Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus. J. Virol. 82: 9303-9303 [Full Text]  
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