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Journal of Virology, January 2007, p. 822-834, Vol. 81, No. 2
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01759-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Evidence for Persistent, Occult Infection in Neonatal Macaques following Perinatal Transmission of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SF162P3{triangledown}

Pushpa Jayaraman,1 Tuofu Zhu,2,3 Lynda Misher,7,{dagger} Deepika Mohan,7 LaRene Kuller,6 Patricia Polacino,6 Barbra A. Richardson,4 Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann,6,{ddagger} David Anderson,6 Shiu-Lok Hu,3,5,6 and Nancy L. Haigwood1,3,7*

Departments of Pathobiology,1 Laboratory Medicine,2 Microbiology,3 Biostatistics,4 Pharmaceutics,5 National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195,6 Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 981097

Received 14 August 2006/ Accepted 21 October 2006

To model human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) perinatal transmission, we studied infection of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) SF162P3 in 10 pregnant Macaca nemestrina females and their offspring. Four of nine infants born to and suckled by these dams had evidence of infection, a transmission rate of 44.4% (95% confidence interval, 13.7% to 78.8%). We quantified transplacentally acquired and de novo Env-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and neutralizing antibodies in newborns. Transmission of escape variants was confirmed. In utero infection (n = 1) resulted in high viremia, depletion of peripheral CD4+ T cells, and rapid evolution of env in blood and tissues. Peripartum or postpartum SHIV infection (n = 3) resulted in postacute viral control that was undetectable by very sensitive multiplex PCR, despite increasing antibodies. Seropositive infants with highly controlled viremia had homogeneous peripheral blood env sequences, and their tissues had <3 copies per million cells. A high incidence of seropositive virus-low or -negative SHIV infection in infant macaques has implications for HIV type 1 perinatal transmission and detection.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue N, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109. Phone and fax: (206) 256-7338. E-mail: Nancy.Haigwood{at}sbri.org.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 1 November 2006.

{dagger} Present address: Trubion, Inc., Seattle, WA.

{ddagger} Present address: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, CVMBS, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619.

Journal of Virology, January 2007, p. 822-834, Vol. 81, No. 2
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01759-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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