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Journal of Virology, July 2007, p. 7683-7694, Vol. 81, No. 14
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.02839-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Roles of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and NF-B in Human Cytomegalovirus-Mediated Monocyte Diapedesis and Adhesion: Strategy for Viral Persistence

Department of Microbiology and Immunology,¹ Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology,² and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932³

Received 21 December 2006/ Accepted 7 May 2007

Infected peripheral blood monocytes are proposed to play a key role in the hematogenous dissemination of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to tissues, a critical step in the establishment of HCMV persistence and the development of HCMV-associated diseases. We recently provided evidence for a unique strategy involved in viral dissemination: HCMV infection of primary human monocytes promotes their transendothelial migration and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages permissive for the replication of the original input virus. To decipher the mechanism of hematogenous spread, we focused on the viral dysregulation of early cellular processes involved in transendothelial migration. Here, we present evidence that both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI(3)K] and NF-B activities were crucial for the HCMV induction of monocyte motility and firm adhesion to endothelial cells. We found that the ß₁ integrins, the ß₂ integrins, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and ICAM-3 were upregulated following HCMV infection and that they played a key role in the firm adhesion of infected monocytes to the endothelium. The viral regulation of adhesion molecule expression is complex, with PI(3)K and NF-B affecting the expression of each adhesion molecule at different stages of the expression cascade. Our data demonstrate key roles for PI(3)K and NF-B signaling in the HCMV-induced cellular changes in monocytes and identify the biological rationale for the activation of these pathways in infected monocytes, which together suggest a mechanism for how HCMV promotes viral spread to and persistence within host organs.

Published ahead of print on 16 May 2007.

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