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Journal of Virology, July 2007, p. 7351-7362, Vol. 81, No. 14
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00554-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Activates a Conserved Innate Antiviral Response to Hepatitis B Virus That Destabilizes Nucleocapsids and Reduces Nuclear Viral DNA{triangledown}

Robyn Puro and Robert J. Schneider*

Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016

Received 15 March 2007/ Accepted 23 April 2007

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is critical for the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the clinical setting and in model systems. TNF induces noncytopathic suppression and clearance of HBV in animal models, possibly through reduction of viral nucleocapsids, but the mechanism is not well described. Here, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism and broad host range for TNF action against HBV. We show that TNF rapidly blocks HBV replication by promoting destabilization of preexisting cytoplasmic viral nucleocapsids containing viral RNA and DNA, as well as empty nucleocapsids. TNF destabilized human HBV nucleocapsids in a variety of human hepatocytic cell lines and in primary rat hepatocytes and also destabilized duck HBV (DHBV) nucleocapsids in chicken hepatocytic cells. Lysates from TNF-treated uninfected cells also destabilized HBV nucleocapsids in vitro. Moreover, inhibition of DHBV DNA replication by TNF blocks nuclear accumulation of the viral transcription template, maintenance of which is essential for the establishment and maintenance of chronic infection. We show that TNF destabilization of HBV nucleocapsids does not involve ubiquitination or methylation of the viral core protein and is not mediated by the nitric oxide free radical arm of the TNF pathway. These results define a novel antiviral mechanism mediated by TNF against multiple types of HBVs in different species.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016. Phone: (212) 263-6006. Fax: (212) 263-8276. E-mail: schner01{at}med.nyu.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 2 May 2007.

Journal of Virology, July 2007, p. 7351-7362, Vol. 81, No. 14
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00554-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Garcia, M. L., Byfield, R., Robek, M. D. (2009). Hepatitis B Virus Replication and Release Are Independent of Core Lysine Ubiquitination. J. Virol. 83: 4923-4933 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Clippinger, A. J., Bouchard, M. J. (2008). Hepatitis B Virus HBx Protein Localizes to Mitochondria in Primary Rat Hepatocytes and Modulates Mitochondrial Membrane Potential. J. Virol. 82: 6798-6811 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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