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Journal of Virology, June 2007, p. 6339-6345, Vol. 81, No. 12
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00233-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Characterization and Experimental Transmission of an Oncogenic Papillomavirus in Female Macaques{triangledown}

Charles E. Wood,1* Zigui Chen,2 J. Mark Cline,1 Brigitte E. Miller,3 and Robert D. Burk2,4

Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157,1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157,3 Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology & Population Health, and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 104614

Received 2 February 2007/ Accepted 30 March 2007

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in women worldwide, yet few suitable animal models currently exist for study of this disease. Virtually all cases of cervical cancer in women are caused by specific types of genital human papillomavirus (HPV). In this study, we investigated naturally occurring genital PVs in female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) without breeding contact for at least 3.5 years. Exfoliated cervicovaginal cells from 19 of 54 animals tested positive for at least one PV. Seven different PVs were identified, including four novel genotypes and two genotypes (RhPV-d and RhPV-a) previously identified in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Four PV types were associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which resembled human CIN by endoscopy, cervical cytology, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The presence of CIN was highly associated with PV infection (P < 0.0001). The most prevalent virus type was RhPV-d, which was identified in 60% of animals with CIN. An RhPV-d genome sequenced from a high-grade CIN lesion was found to be phylogenetically related to the highly oncogenic HPV16. Transfer of cervical cytobrush samples from donor animals naturally carrying RhPV-d resulted in new infections in 4 of 12 previously virus-free animals and abnormal cytology and histology in 1 of 4 infected animals after 18 weeks of infection. Experimental transmission was confirmed by E1^E4 reverse transcription-PCR products and RhPV-d sequence identity with the donor variant. These findings identify key similarities between macaque and human oncogenic PVs which should prove useful in the study of viral persistence, carcinogenesis, and therapeutic development.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040. Phone: (336) 716-1636. Fax: (336) 716-1515. E-mail: chwood{at}wfubmc.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 11 April 2007.

Journal of Virology, June 2007, p. 6339-6345, Vol. 81, No. 12
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00233-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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